Achebe’s “An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness” Essay

Achebe’s â€Å"An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness† (The Massachusetts Review, 18 (1977) : 782 – 94) expresses a passionate objection to Conrad’s point of view and portrayal of Africa and Africans in his novel Heart of Darkness. Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, can be considered the direct opposition to Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and is seen to as a challenge on Conrad’s western views. I shall explore the validity in Achebe’s â€Å"An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness† with regards to language, characterisation, religion and culture. Other opinions from critical readings will also be included and referenced to the two novels ( Things Fall Apart & Heart of Darkness ).Achebe felt that Conrad’s Heart of Darkness â€Å"others† Africa and Africans, when he says â€Å"others† he means that it represents the Africans as a colonised people who have li ttle â€Å"common sense† and no authority. Furthermore it shows them as a separate race or species to further illustrate how they were treated as animals and savages. The term â€Å"common sense† used earlier also illustrates how Achebe took offence to the Western ideologies in that â€Å"common sense† is a term invented by Westerners. â€Å"Common sense† is the general term one uses for Western beliefs and values but other cultures (especially African cultures) have not been included as a part of this terminology. African cultures are, in fact, criticized by the term â€Å"common sense†, which once again Achebe took offence to. Achebe felt that Heart of Darkness was also a way of â€Å"writing back to the centre† in that it represented the Western people or Colonists as the dominant and superior force, to Achebe it was an alienation of the Africans and Africa. Heart of Darkness, therefore displaced the Africans in the novel; instead of them seeming good and familiar, they were distanced fro m the reader. Hence, one can see how Achebe was a strong believer in the â€Å"Postcolonial Theory† whereby he mostly challenged but also reflected upon modern European colonisation. Brantlinger’s paper discusses the different views on colonisation by explaining five differents stances taken. According to Brantlinger the abolitionist stance (despite its good intentions) pitied the Africans and tried to fight for the Africans, but at the same time it did not occur to them that Africans were also intelligent people who could fight their own battles. It was hence seen that the abolitionists too, were treating the  Africans as inferior. His discussion of the explorer’s stance illustrates how the explorers exploited Africa and destroyed its people because the explorers saw the Africans as a sub-race of savages who had little to no importance. Brantlinger also shows how scientists saw the Africans as a separate species to humans and that Africans were thought to be animals. Scientists theorised, through Social Darwinism, that the Africans would either have to survive of sucumb. To them the Africans were expendable. To Brantlinger the missionaries considered the Africans as a race of pagans and heathens who needed to be converted to the â€Å"Good Faith†, Christianity, and they did not consider that the Africans may very well have had their own religion and set of beliefs. Furthermore, Brantlinger illustrated how the Western writers portrayed Africans as a sub-race of savages (or as an inferior group of people) who needed pity and a push in the right direction towards their Western ways. His statements, † The constant association of Africa with the inhuman violence of the slave trade did much to darken its landscape even during the romantic period.† and † By mid-century, the success of the anti-slavery movement, the impact of the great explorers, and the merger of racist and evolutionary doctrines in the social sciences had combined to give the British public a widely shared view of Africa that demanded imperialisation on moral, religious and scientific grounds. It is this view that I have called the myth of the Dark Continent† are prime examples of how he see people to have incorrect notions about Africa and Africans. His views are highly suited to Achebe’s â€Å"An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness† in that they show how a white, westernised person sees the same racism eminent in todays literature as Achebe it sees in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, only Brantlinger does not directly attack any one specific book or person. Instead Brantlinger presents his view in a factual and justified manner which further helps support Achebe because he makes it easier to believe and understand him when he uses factual information rather than exclusively his opinions. Brookes wrote a paper on how certain stereotypes of Africa have been created and how they are perpetuated in newspapers today. Headlines such as, â€Å"Why give life-blood to this heart of darkness?† were analysed and according to Brookes this headline and others like it â€Å"†¦ result in the foregrounding of  Africa as violent, repressive and helpless†¦ They set up opposites where Africa is on the one side and is held up against a standard which it apparently does not meet†. Brookes’ analysis and opinions are highly relevant in that she illustrates how certain stereotypes and ideas on Africa have become second nature and are even printed in chronicles which are supposed to be factual recollections of events. Brookes does so by discussing certain gramatical, wording and representation trends associated with Africa and this shows that these ideals are wrong and racist, one should not be allowed to perpetuate such incorrect stereotype of Africans. At the same time Brookes’ paper can also discredit Achebe, because it shows that perhaps Conrad’s reason for Heart of Darkness being a racist novel is because certain stereotypes are printed in the press each day and he simply did not know any better. Achebe’s article, â€Å"An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†, shows that Achebe feels that Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is racist and it perpetuates a certain incorrect view on Africans. He is offended by Conrad’s racism and insensitivity towards Africans. † Heart of Darkness pojects the image of Africa as â€Å"the other world,† the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man’s vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality.† Here Achebe shows exactly how he feels about Heart of Darkness. Achebe sees Marlowe and Conrad as the same person and hence because Marlowe, the narrator in Heart of Darkness, is ignorant and racist†¦ Achebe immediatly assumes that Conrad holds the same views. Achebe feels that Conrad represents the colonists as superior somewhat god-like and that the Africans in Heart of Drakness are shown as savages, heathens and inf idels and they are seen to be inferior. Not only is this perception of Africans conveyed but Africa is also seen as a dark and mystical place which threatens everything that is foreign. Furthermore Achebe feels that Heart of Darkness creates the impression that Africa infects the Western people and drives them mad, as happened to Kurtz : â€Å"Consequently Africa is something to be avoided just as the picture has to be hidden away to safeguard the man’s jeopardous integrity. Keep away from Africa or else! Mr Kurtz of Heart of Darkness should have heeded that warning †¦ But he foolishly exposed himself to the wild irresistable allure  of the jungle and lo! the darkness found him out.† Achebe also feels that Conrad is also trying to convert people to his racist ways and infect them with his â€Å"xenophobia† (fear of foreigners). Achebe not only sees Conrad as a â€Å"thoroughgoing racist† and is offended by it but he is also offended by the fact that nobody has challenged Heart of Darkness and its racism, but they praise and study this book instead. C.P. Sarvan also wrote a critique on Heart of Darkness and Achebe’s article. He was, however, far less extreme than Achebe. Furthermore, he looks at the story from both sides and he weighs up both the Authors’ strengths and weaknesses. Sarvan discusses how in Heart of Darkness the colonists are actually corrupt and rotten to the core and instead of Africa being shown as an entirely bad and deep dark continent, Sarvan sees some type of of set used to highlight how the colonists were deranged and not at all pure, as the African people were. Sarvan quotes a critic who said, â€Å"Africa per per se is not the theme of Heart of Darkness, but it is used as a locale symbol for the very core of an ‘accursed inheritance†. This quote along with Sarvan’s opinion that â€Å"the story may be seen as an allegory, the journey ending with the sombre realisation of the darkness of man’s heart.† show how in Heart of Darkness Conrad does not simply want to discredit Africa and show to be a dark black hole which is to be feared, rather that it actually illustrates how the colonists could learn goodness and purity from the Africans. In contrast to Achebe, Sarvan also sees Marlowe and Conrad as totally separate people and he thinks that Marlowe’s views are not necessarily the same as Conrad’s. Sarvan considers all the evidence and he concludes that in some parts of Heart of Darkness Conrad does tend to project racist view points, but by the same token Conrad also criticises the Colonists, their way of life and their lack of morals and ethics. In both Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness there is certain language and diction which is used, the language used conveys a certain opinion and attitude toward what is being said. If one is to look at Brooke’s paper it can be seen that certain words are used to convey certain images of Africa, and at times even a certain gramatical structure is associated with Africa. If one looks at the language used in Heart of Darkness certain words can be  picked out and seen as racist but also there are words which are not racist towards the Africans and rather they discredit the colonists. For example: â€Å"The Man seemed young – almost a boy – but you know with them it’s hard to tell.†( Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg35, line 21). Here one can consider this to be a racist comment as it creates a distance between the Africans and the colonists, but it can also be seen as a perfectly innocent and ignorant comment because it’s natural to have trouble understanding that which you do not know. A very similar comment is made in the same novel, however it is made with regard to the white men, it’s as follows â€Å"†¦ white men being so much alike at a distance that he could not tell who I might be.† (Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg 33, line 27) In Things Fall Apart there are also times when it can be criticised for the language used – Achebe describes the white missionaries as â€Å"four eyes† and here it is further illustrated that the Africans are now finding that which they are not familiar with troublesome and hard to understand. So when one weighs the two different descriptions from Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness up it can be seen that certain language can be seen as racist even if that is not the intent. Furthermore when Conrad writes, â€Å"Fine fellows – cannibals – in their place.† (Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg 61, line 6) you can both criticise and praise this quote. Although it does distance the Africans when he says â€Å"their place† and it could be seen as insulting to call the Africans â€Å"cannibals†, Conrad also presents the Africans in a friendly manner and he shows some kind of kinship with them when he says â€Å"Fine fellows†. Finally, there are many times when Conrad uses insulting language with regards to the Africans but he also uses language which praises them, so Achebe is not entirely correct when he says that Conrad’s book Heart of Darkness â€Å"parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices and insults†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Things Fall Apart one is able to learn about the African religion and at the same time the Western religion is presented to the reader, neither is said to be right nor wrong. The advantages and disadvantages of both religions are expressed to the reader and prejudice is not shown towards either religion. In Heart of Darkness however, only the Western religion is shown and it is not even considered that the African Savages may possibly  have a perfectly good set of morals and a decent religion. One is exposed to the Western religion and it is seen as the be all and end all. The characters in Heart of Darkness are also portrayed to only believe in one certain religion and that religion (christianity) is the â€Å"saviour† of the primitive, savage Africans. For example this can be seen when Conrad writes, † Something like an emissary of light, somethng like a lower sort of apostle†¦ ‘weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways,’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg 28, line 17). Brantlingers paper further illustrates this as well as shows that this was a Victorian ideal. Hence, with regard to religion the only religion really shown in Heart of Darkness is christianity and it is not questioned or compared to an African religion, as the two religions in Things Fall Apart are. Culture in both Achebe and Conrad’s novels is explored on two fronts : an African front and a Western front. In Things Fall Apart the more dominant culture is of course the African culture. One is introduced to the African Umuofia tribe and thereafter they are presented with the many different cultures and beliefs of that tribe and well some of the other African tribes. In Things Fall Apart, one is also shown a brief view of how the Africans saw and came to be part of Western culture, but one is also shown how the African culture actually contains alot of sense, morals and ethics. It can be seen that African culture it is not simply a group of people shouting out foreign screeches on shore as they are shown in Heart Of Darkness. Furthermore, in Heart of Darkness the Western culture is the dominant one, and in contrast to Things Fall Apart not only is there very little understanding of the other culture (African Culture) but also there seems to be no effort from the characters in Heart of Darkness to even begin to understand or grasp the African culture : â€Å"In the empty immensity of the earth , sky, and water, there she was (the French man-of-war) incomprehensible firing into a continent.† (Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg 30, line 33) This quote can also be used to illustrate how the colonists were seen as deranged and their culture fickle. The characterisation in the two novels is very different when speaking about  either the Africans of the Westerners. In Things Fall Apart the African is characterised as an intelligent being who has a sense of right and wrong and they contain the makings of Westerner’s human thread; maternal instinct towards one’s child, the drive to succeed, the knowledge of right and wrong, punishment for those who commit crimes, respect for elders etc. Furthermore, in Things Fall Apart the Westerners are portrayed in a fair light, despite their exloitation of the Umuofia tribe and their ideas are taken into consideration and the benifits are thaught about†¦ this shows the Umuofia to be logical and fair people. Whereas in Heart of Darkness the Westerners are the only ones who are considered to be intelligent, despite them also being shown as impure and unfair : â€Å"hairdresser’s dummy† (Heart of Darkness, Penguin Classics 2000, pg 36, line31) and â€Å"I let hi m run on, this papier-mache Mephistopheles, and it seemed to me that if I tried I could poke my forefinger through him, and would find nothing inside but a little loose dirt, maybe.† The Africans in Heart Of Darkness are not portrayed as humans, rather they’re seen as animals, but at the same time they can also be seen as more human than the imhumane colonists because they are compassionate and they aren’t empty inside (refer to â€Å"I let him run on†¦Ã¢â‚¬  above). The Africans are also seen as the underdogs being destroyed by the white men who only care for money. Overall in Things Fall Apart, the portrayal of the Africans in is that they’re humans with morals and a good steady culture and the portrayal of the Westerners is that they’re also human with morals and their own culture. In Heart of Drakness, the Africans are weak, primitive savages victimised by the strong, impure White man with no moral fibre. The links between the books Things Fall Apart and Heart of Darkness can be seen as a trend throughout Booke’s and Brantlinger’s Papers. Both find that in our societies there are certain ideas associated with Africa; namely darkness, mystery, savagery, unenlightenment, lack of intelligence and resourses as well as good solid religion and moral fibre, and finally the idea that Africa infects the rest of the world with all its dark and dangerous qualities. Each day these ideas are passed through our brains and drummed into our heads, to such a degree that the majority of us no longer question their being right or wrong. Achebe found that in Heart of Darkness,  Conrad discussed and displayed these racist ideals in extreme amounts and Achebe felt the racism Conrad openly showed was unacceptable. Surely society played a role in this uneducated assumption made about Africa and its people when it allowed for such racist ideals to be printed in the everyday press. In Conclusion it can be asid that Achebe did have reason for his opposition to Heart of Drakness and its portrayal of Africa and Africans. It must be considered, however, that perhaps Conrad’s unintentional racism was simply the product of ignorance. He was incorrect in conveying the Africans as savages, but at the time the book was written Conrad was probably blinded by his society and its stereotypes. Furthermore, his true intention in Heart of Darkness was to show the Westerners lack of moral fibre by contrasting them against the Africans and showing how the Westerners exploited the Africans. Achebe’s description of Conrad as a â€Å"thoroughgoing racist† in â€Å"An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness† was not entirely true. Conrad did include some racism in Heart of Drakness but it was not intentional and it was certainly not extreme enough to call him a â€Å"thoroughgoing racist†.

Course work 2 Essay

Introduction: The dynamics of any industry determine what factors will impact the demand and supply of a particular good or service being bought or sold in that particular market. Some of the major factors that affect the demand for most kinds of products or services include: consumer tastes, income levels, availability of substitute goods and their prices, availability and prices of complementary goods, future price expectations and the general level of literacy of the population and population growth. The other aspect of any market would be the supply side; how do the supply side factors impact the market for goods or services. For instance some major factors include technological advancements, cost of production, the number of suppliers and regulatory framework. A combination of these demand side and supply side factors determines the prices that markets ultimately charge from consumers given that the markets are allowed to function in a free market setting. Technology Market: In particular the Computer Market. When we discuss the computer market in isolation we must understand that it is affected greatly by the overall technology market which plays a critical role in determining which new products and services will be offered by these computers and how will these computers be manufactured in the future. Technology has revolutionized the way we do business and other activities around the world. A significant contribution of technological revolution is the machine we call: a computer. From the time of the first computers and up till today we have witnessed remarkable change. For starters let’s just talk about the change in size of the computers. The point here is that ever since the advent of the computing machine and later the full fledged computer we have since tremendous amount of changes that have occurred along the revolution. These changes have had an impact on both the price of the computer and also on the cost of production of a modern day computer. Demand Side Factors The growth in different technology products such as hand held devices, laptops, desk top computers, I-pods, I-pads, E-books, and PDAs are some examples of what the consumer of today’s world has been buying and accepting for some time. The important factor here is that most technological products are not market oriented rather they are product-led or developed with a perspective of generating enough interest and demand from the market as opposed to the idea of providing products which are required by the market. The demand for computers in specific can be divided into two broad categories firstly the demand from the corporate world or offices and secondly from home users who demand desktops. When companies around the globe started to employ and use desktop computers in the 1980s and 1990s; one could see a revolution taking place that would forever change the workplace. These companies converted there existing manual operations on to computers and resultantly we saw dramatic changes in efficiency levels and the ability of companies to become more productive increased many folds. (Samuelson, 2005) This change in the way companies work led to computers becoming a need for majority of the companies in different sectors such as manufacturing, services and primary related industries. The computers, especially desktop computers had become a necessity for companies by mid-90s and onwards. This factor had made computers an important part of any firms capital requirements. (Samuelson, 2005) As far as the households were concerned computers soon after they were being mass-produced in the 80s become a necessity because of the change in the societal factors and requirements at workplace and schools demanded households to have computers at home. During these similar times (80s and 90s) income levels of the middle class households also increased on yearly basis. This was especially the case in the developing countries such as India, China and Brazil. The income levels were also rising in the developed countries which also warranted the increase in demand for computers. We saw that through the 1990s and 2000s the demand for complementary goods and services to the computers also increased. For instance the internet warranted the need for routers, wireless networks and other devices that were mandatory for office work and households. Similarly camera equipment that could connect them to PCs, mobile cables and other many products and services that were used in conjunction with the PCs were being increasingly demanded. We also saw the strength in the demand for substitutes and a consistent fall in their prices. For example a direct substitute of a computer is a handheld device which could be used for most of the purposes that a computer might offer. Even though these substitutes were available yet people ensured that they have at least one personal computer. This strength in demand is a result of the many features that a computer provides over some of its substitutes such as printing options, scanning, and video conference and so on. These added advantages and features have made computers an absolute necessity for the modern home. Another important factor that has played a critical role in increasing the demand for computers is the future expectations of technology and uncertainty. Because people feel that in the near future more emphasis will be given on efficiency and productivity it is imperative to keep up to date with the present technology. The combination of all these factors have created a scenario where by computers have become a part of the daily life of all individuals of the modern age. The internet has only helped the cause of the computers and we see that computers are an essential part of the workplace as well as the home of a particular individual. Supply-Side Factors The technological leap in the latter half of the last century has changed the way work takes place in a typical office of a manufacturing plant today. The reason is simple: the computer and technologies related to the computer. Not only have computers made it easier for companies to make products faster but they have also made companies more flexible and technology hungry. The supply of computers has been increasing at a great pace not only because of high demand but also due to technological changes that are taking place at all times. Between 1990 and 2002 there was a large decline in the prices of computer chips; this in part explains why computers prices were still falling even though demand continued to rise during that period. An important factor to understand here is that after the initial increases in the demand in the early 90s soon there was a surplus scenario in the chip market secondly, the rapid change in technology meant that older machines were quickly becoming obsolete hence pushing the prices even further down. (Lipsey and Chyrstal, 2007) Source: http://www.oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199286416/01student/interactive/lipsey_extra_ch03/page_01. htm In the diagram above we see that the prices of chips continued to fall between 1990 and 2002 except for the 92-95 period when the prices actually went up slightly the reason for the rise could be explained as the shift in the demand curve to the right as a result of the increase in the demand for complementary software that required high speed computer usage during this time; such as multimedia programs or other gaming and educational programs. The decline in the chip prices also explains the fact that cost of production was also declining rapidly during this time and that more and more suppliers of computers were entering the market. This increased competition for customers meant that prices had an even bigger drop. The increased competition also meant that firms that produce computers try to compete on cost as well as brand image. In an overall analysis of the supply-side of the computer and technology market we would say that prices have had a consistent downward pressure because of declining cost of production and a constant and rapid change in technology. There are a number of other important factors such as the availability of other important devices that have caused the prices of computers to fall down such as cheaper motherboards and RAMs. (Lipsey & Chrystal, 2007) Competition is also an important factor in determining the quality and prices of products such as computers. We see that competition has impacted cost of production by a large amount; many firms that manufacture computer and related devices have introduced more and better technologies that are cheaper and faster in processing data. In a lot of ways the market expects and demands computers which are cheaper and faster as we move into the future. This is because businesses and individuals know that computers are meant to reduce the time taken to complete work and achieve this objective in a cost effective way therefore more and more people and businesses demand cheaper computers.

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Creative writing (164) , English language (137) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language. Causes and Effects of the English Language. (2016, Jun 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

MAI Systems Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MAI Systems Corporation - Case Study Example Recently, Softbrands purchased the Company back in August 2006. Since its inception in 1957, the Company has gone through significant changes. Being an opportunist and thanks to IBM and the Justice Department in 1956 when the entire computer industry was under the monopoly of IBM, Walter R. Oreamuno and his associate came up with an idea of re-purchasing the computer equipment from IBM customers and leasing it back to the customers at a lower rate than what was being offered by IBM. This idea was a great boast to the MAI's growth but did not last that long. During this time, the Company opted for an IPO with an Not realizing IBM's strategy of depreciating its punch card equipment and the innovation of 360 third generation computer, MAI invested substantially in the older equipment that resulted in MAI's growth to stall. During 1967, a major setback on merger plans with Transamerica, Oreamuno stepped down as the CEO and was replaced by Luther Schwalm an ex-IBM veteran. With a shift in strategy, the earlier investment in the older IBM equipment did not prove to be fertile, Schwalm decided to write-off the outdated older equipment. MAI's cash flow was impacted so substantially that its net worth in 1970 was negative $ 28 million. Oreamuno's decision proved out to be so wrong that even Schwalm was unable to bring the Company out of trouble. It was that when in 1971 MAI's CFO took over as the President. With a new strategy, Kurshan reorganized MAI into a holding company with various subsidiaries. Basic/Four and Sorbus subsidiaries of MAI did well in bringing MAI back to life. Sorbus took advantage of MAI's existing 1,200-person maintenance staff as its core, and expanding from there. Basic/Four was a major success instantaneously. In 1972, Basic/Four introduced the first multi-user transaction-processing mini-computer to use the Business Basic language. Basic/Four's revenue grew up to $43 million, and it was contributing around two-thirds of MAI's tot al earnings. Focused on software products, MAI in 1977 took over acquired Word stream Corporation. This company was producing word processing systems and IBM-compatible CRT terminals. MAI shipped its 10,000th computer system in the year 1980. The market for these computers began to shift drastically at this time, and small companies were turning to cheaper, newly available personal computers instead of the mini-computers that had been Basic/Four's forte. In 1983, the company introduced its MAI 8000, a super-minicomputer nearly as powerful as a mainframe computer, which was proficient enough of servicing up to 96 users at one time. In 1984, a New York-based investor Asher Edelman purchased 12 percent of MAI's stock. Edelman by means of a proxy war for control of the company won four seats on MAI's ten-member board of directors. In the course of the proxy battle, Edelman received a settlement in the $1 million range following a libel suit filed against MAI concerning company advertisements. During April 1984, MAI International Corporation, the company's worldwide marketing arm, was folded into

Microplex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microplex - Essay Example If the company directors know it, they can stop any body from purchasing the land by convincing peter not to sign for it. But here the problem is not about purchasing land but the amount owed to Burkes and Wills and the clause that it was a heritage land and cannot be used for private commercial purposes. Here there was a provision in the corporate act (2001) to get enough time by applying for compensation. Microplex can get compensation from the Katrina family for deliberately hiding the legal tangles bebind the land scape (water front) they wanted to purchase from them. If they get the compensation then they can successfully get rid of burden of Burkes and Wills. If they did not get it they can get at least time for settling the legal tangles in Babinda trust and get credit from them to pay the dues of Bukes and Wills. The company can approach court according to the following provisions. (1) If the information in the application for a market licence in Australia contains information about the proposed compensation arrangements according to paragraph 881B(2), the minister can be compelled to treat the application as a thing for approval of the compensation arrangements and, for that action, he must consider the proposed arrangements were adequate. (3) When it was felt by the minister that the proposed compensation ar... (3) When it was felt by the minister that the proposed compensation arrangements are adequate the minister can grant the licence. But while granting the licence the minister must approve the compensation arrangements. Note: The other provisions about granting licences are in Subdivision A of Division4 of Part7.2. (4) The minister must follow the following in the conditions of licence. He must deal with the least amount of cover required in relation to the compensation arrangements in such manner as the minister thinks appropriate and He can identify the source of funds available to cover the claims and he can approve arrangements on the basis of them. (section 885H) 882B How to get compensation arrangements approved after licence is granted (1) There will be operators of licenced market. It any one of them wanted to have a compensation arrangements for the market approved after the granting of the licence, the so called operator should apply for approval according to the provisions of this section. (2) The application must: funish the information regarding and relevant to the compensation arrangements proposed. Those must be the arrangements required by regulations made for purposes about this paragraph and must accompanied by a copy of the proposed compensation rules and (b) can be made to the minister through lodging the application with the help of ASIC. Note: For fees in respect of lodging applications, see Part9.10. (3) The minister has a right or rejecting the application if he consider that the proposed compensation arrangements are not adequate according to the things mentioned in the law. (4) If the above (3) is not the case and if the minister considers the proposed arrangements are adequate then he must: (a) approval of the arrangements of

International Trade Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Trade Policy - Case Study Example Development of trade and commerce is essentially linked to the survival, growth, and progress of a nation, particularly by concise means of imports and exports. The policies or regulations that essentially govern and deal with defining the international trade between countries are known as the Foreign Trade Policy or International Trade Policy. These policies include, but are not restricted to, the tax brackets, import duties on various pieces of equipment (goods and services), items for trading, non-allowable items, quotas and tariffs, and so on. Inclusive of this data, there are also the incentives for foreign investment that encourages foreign investors to invest in the country along with incentives for local producers to export, and so on [2]. Thus, the policy defines the terms and regulations for trading i.e. imports and exports. The Asian region has been prospering of late with good speed, and amongst the many nations, Pakistan has been one of the prime examples of prospering nations particularly under the current military regime. The name of this nation has been in the headlines since a while now, thus, it would be very informative to analyze their trade policy structure. Particularly considering the fact that the foreign direct investment has been growing in the region of late, it would be very interesting to see the structure that is enhancing this figure in recent times[3]. Since October 1999 to date, Pakistan has moved towards being a much more stabilized nation than it has ever been since its existence in 1947. Under the military regime of General Pervaiz Musharraf, the nation has moved towards economic stability and growth to the current day, with economic development prospering in particular. This stability in the economic and political environment has led to tremendous growth in the net trade figure, inviting foreign investors and trades to contribute and interact with the local ones and have a good prospectus for the future outlook[5]. This report highlights the trade policy for the year 2006-07 so that judgements can be made on fairgrounds that whether this policy has been a success or otherwise. The following paragraphs highlight the main aims and objectives of the international trade policy relating to the export of goods and services [7, 9].

I have two Questions from past exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

I have two Questions from past exam - Essay Example The hierarchical order goes in the same sequence in which the needs have been mentioned above. Physiological needs include food, air and water etc which are the fundamental necessities of life and life is not possible without them. Then come the security needs. In order to feel secure, an individual should be financially stable. He/she should be employed, should preferably have a home, and should be provided with health and safety both in the home and at work. If the security needs are met, an individual would look for love. He/she would prefer to have home near the workplace and would build good rapport with his/her peers at the workplace. After this, the individual would need to raise his/her self esteem. Again, self esteem requires stability. Unemployment makes an individual unstable financially and this has an adverse impact on the individual’s psychology as well. Maslow was of the view that an individual can not feel a higher level need unless all lower level needs have b een adequately fulfilled. For example, unless an individual’s physiological needs have been completely met, he/she would not look for security because something more important than security has not been gained. In the case under consideration, unemployment causes lack of security. As the individual’s security needs are not fulfilled, he/she would have low self esteem and would experience psychological distress. On the contrary, an employed person can have all of his/her four basic needs fulfilled and will feel the need to improve his/her skills and competence in work through self actualization. The philosophy presented by Maslow makes sense. Money is undoubtedly the driving factor in all areas of life. In addition, there are several more reasons to keep an employed person psychologically healthy as compared to an unemployed person. For example, when a person is employed, he/she gets to spend a considerable portion of the day at work. This gives a considerable relief from

Making Provision for the Inclusion of Disabled Pupils in Mainstream Essay

Making Provision for the Inclusion of Disabled Pupils in Mainstream Schools - Essay Example Inclusion program for disabled children bestow substantial representation for both mental and physical disabilities of students in public schools and current education system in England requires innovative researches and strategies in this field. In general, the term disability is used to point toward a physical or mental circumstance that limits person’s movements, senses or both physiological and psychological activities (Sport and Persons with Disabilities, n.d, p.3). Children with disabilities find it as really hard to practice various physical activities and sports programs. In mainstream education, teachers and education professionals have often failed to ensure the participation of disabled children in physical education program. Different disabilities such as, physical disability, mental disability, developmental disability, chronic illness and external injuries cause both mental and physical pain among the children with disabilities. In general education, implementati on of various inclusion programs provides innovative ideas for teachers as well the children to overcome the problems in doing physical education. It is significant to notice that disability is not a personal misdemeanor or mistake. For that reason, disabled children need active representation in physical education as well the mainstream students.... It is obvious that a collaborative effort from the part of government and non-government agencies is essential in the field of promoting physical education in disabled children. Enrichment of inclusion programs gives numerous opportunities for pupils as well teachers. Innovative teaching strategies and sufficient inclusion programs permit a teacher of physical education in mainstream school for making provision of a disabled pupil. Different types of disabilities which could affect a pupil from doing physical education and why that specific disability could affect the child in Physical education Various kinds of disabilities such as developmental, mental, physical disabilities, chronic illnesses, external injuries and mobility impairment become the barriers in doing physical education among the children with disabilities. Mental and developmental disabilities prevent the children from understanding particular physical activities or games, while physical and disability in motor develo pment prevent their participation in particular physical activities and games. Generally, disabled children show their unwillingness to do physical education or games because of physical pain and fear. Even though disability is considered as not a crime or individual mistake, majority of disabled children in mainstream classrooms suffer from severe inferiority complex and they avoid the chances to cop up with other children. Developmental problems affect both physical and mental growth of a person. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is considered as a major developmental disorder which affects the children. Children having autism often fail to communicate with

Assesment Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assesment Paper - Assignment Example As a result, I am rigid of character and prefer dealing with details and facts. Because of my evaluative character, I prefer being logical on things and aim at achieving the best from things. The knowledgeable character that I have leads me towards preferring ideas that are challenging and require me to go deeper into things. As a result, I have an objective feature that enables me to look at the optimistic side of things. From my social character, I have a long chain of friends who have further enabled in the development of my character. The sociable character has enabled me to deal with a wide majority of individuals, which has come in handy with features that are more sociable. Such features include developing new relationships with others. Such has allowed me a chance to lead a more interactive people. With such characters, being with people brings me all the joy. The need to uphold my ideologies has depicted that I have a concrete and literal feature. The concrete nature enables me to hold onto my ideas, while preventing control by other people. As such, I prefer to make decisions based on my feelings as opposed to logic. I am more secure following my conscience as opposed to group proposals. Following the program, I was able to realize that I may be holding a leadership position in the next five years. A number of leadership skills will enable the performance in this capacity. The main leadership strengths include the ability to influence others. During the evaluation program, I realized that I have great skills in communicating ideas to other people. My well-enhanced communication skills, bolstered by interactive characters, will enable me in working in a leadership capacity in the future. Moreover, my goal-oriented character would ensure a sense of direction in managing others as a leader. I will be able to ensure the interaction between people and the ensuing pooling of efforts to achieve a common set of

Budget Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Budget Proposal - Assignment Example Though the economy has witnessed decrease in unemployment, there is still a large proportion who has failed to find full time jobs. Corporate profits have risen dramatically, but the wage rate and income level has failed to witness the same growth. It should focus more on adding value to the rising middle class and create a hub for jobs. It should work for many and not for few. US should try to attract more high tech jobs for its middle class. A growing middle class is a key indicator of a growing economy. Bringing jobs will not solve the problem, but its people should be educated, trained and better equipped to meet the requirement of the jobs. This will not only improve the per capita income of US, but will also create high revenue for the government through large base of tax payers (Mankiw, 2008). They key areas that should be the main focus towards a balanced budget would include sectors like, infrastructure and development, education, clean energy, small business, manufacturing, health and defense. These are the critical areas of government expenditure that are to be increased while the other sectors should be decreased. The other sectors include justice, transportation, SSA, Science foundation, treasury, interior, veteran affairs, agriculture, etc. From the revenue the budgeted tax collection should be increased. The sources include income tax, corporate tax, social security tax, excise and customs. Estate and gift tax to be reduced. The specific target areas include the sectors that will help augment the revenue for the government and significantly reduce the budget deficit. Though it is totally not possible to eliminate the deficit in the short run, but it can be reduced to a sustainable level. All the sectors are critical to the growth of the economy, yet there are cert ain sectors as mentioned above that needs government aid to complement the vision of developing the middle class and creating jobs. Health and

Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay Example for Free

Operations, Logistics and Supply Chain Management Essay 1) Select a technology from 1850 to the present. Describe how it has affected productivity A technology that comes to mind is server virtualization. We use them every day in the government as we work toward going green, lower cost, increasing productivity. Since the migration to the virtual servers we were able to cut paper files by  ¾. We use a digital contract file now instead of a 6 pile folder with hundreds of page. Another reason the army has choosing to go this way is so it can spread the cost of maintenance and repair across several customers with shared servers. This results in a lower price per base. Then there is the Virtual conference, which saves millions of dollar. Now you’re asking how this affect productivity does well with virtual contract files any base has access to them with save on efficiencies, be abilities to collaborate with like minds to gain more knowledge, also to form comradely. 2)Identify the transformation that takes place in a restaurant. In a restaurant you are buying a meal but also the environment and the service. In many cases the value of inputs is measured in financial terms, which is say that organizations aim to make a profit like the Hard Rock Cafà ©. To increase efficiency managers are always seeking ways of producing more with the same level of inputs or producing the same amount with fewer inputs. Some ways to improve the productivity in the service-sector are changing working practices, investing in new technology like the ERP, motivating and inspiring staff more effectively and changing the way items are produced (Heizer Render, 2005). With the use of ERP restaurants  wastage should be reduced at all stages of the production process. It includes Just in Time production in which items are produced to order rather than in advance (Heizer Render, 2005). Lean production also includes a technique known as kaizen which aims to use the knowledge of employees to find ways of continuously improving the way t hings are done (Heizer Render, 2005). Manages are continually reviewing what they provide better. Given ongoing changes in the competitive environment with new competitors, new demands and new technologies adding value is a dynamic process. Managers need to be looking constantly at the business environment to identify changes that could be of value to them or could possibly harm them. Interestingly any change will have different effects on different organizations. (3) The computer – especially the PC – is believed to be responsible for much of the increased productivity in the 1990s. What do think will be the â€Å"next big thing† to have a major impact on national and global productivity? The â€Å"next big thing† that will have a major impact on the national and global productivity is the advancements in wireless technology. In today’s time there are millions of mobile professionals worldwide due to the major strides that the wireless community has taken. Organizations use wireless technologies to solve every day problems and create an advantage over their companion. Using wireless technologies help them work more productively, by having better customer satisfaction, which means an increase of sales. Organization is finding that wireless has provided more flexibility to configure an office and can improve both the productivity and the moral in the work place. New standards based technologies offer improved methods to authenticate and better secure devices, helping to ensure that only authorized users can gain access to these networks. Which, I see firsthand every day working in a government agency our black berries have CAC reads sled which read our cre dentials before we can view emails. The widespread reliance on networking in business as well as the growth of the internet and online services is strong testimonies to the benefits of data and resources (Wireless Technology). Wireless solutions have advances these benefits by allowing users to access shared information, emails, and different  applications without the constraints of the wired connection. Wireless technologies have also allowed network managers to set up or add to the networks without installing or removing wires. A wireless solution offers productivity, convenience and overall cost saving then the traditional wired networks (Wireless Technology). (4) What is the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO)? Do you see it as primarily good or bad for the U.S? The role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is to oversee trade agreements including a wide range of goods and services trade and supervises all government practices that are directly related to trade, such as tariffs, subsidies, government procurement, and trade-related intellectual property rights (wto.org, 2011). Here are some reasons why the WTO isn’t good for the USA. The WTO acts as the legislature, the executive and the judiciary in matters of world trade. The WTO allows countries to sue each other. This has been primarily used by the wealthy countries to push around the smaller, less developed nations. Under the WTO, the monolithic corporations who benefit the most from free trade can easily push around the smallest and least developed nations. Under the globalized system of free trade we are all living under, all wealth is slowly but surely being transferred into the hands of the very wealthy while the rest of us are left standing around trying to figure out how th e game was rigged. The WTO forces the United States to open its doors to unsafe products. Under the WTO, labor has become a global commodity (Globalism Destroys) (5) Identify one discipline and one technology that you think will contribute in a major way to the future development of OM and describe why they will contribute According to the course text, Operations Management (OM) is described as the set of activities that creates value in the form of goods and services by transforming inputs into outputs. (Heizer Render, 2005) OM is also a discipline that has applications in several industries including services and manufacturing. The discipline and technology I believe that will  contribute in a major way to the future development of OM is Supply-Chain Management and advances in process technologies. Advances in these areas will ease transactions between businesses thereby facilitating sustaining engineering and improvement for Operations and Management. One way is by using Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) as wireless systems that allow a device to read information contained in a wireless device or tag from a distance without making a physical contact or requiring a line of sight between the two(GAO,2005). RFID provides a method to transmit and receive data from one point to another. RFI D is an automatic identification method relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. Reference Heizer, J., Render, B. (2005). Operations Management. In J. Heizer, B. Render, Operations Management (pp. 212-213). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. wto.org. (2012, Nov 25). Retrieved 25 November 20121, from World Trade Organization: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/inbrief_e/inbr00_e Globalism Destroys America: 10 Reasons Why The World Trade Organization Is Bad For The United States Economy, Posted By admin On September 7, 2010 @ 3:09 am In Money Watch | Comments Disabled OM ForumThe Best Things in Life Were Free:On the Technology of Transactions,( 2012, Nov 25), Paul Zipkin ([emailprotected]) GAO, 2005, (2012, Nov 25). http://www.gaorfid.com/ Wireless Technology rev 3, (2012 Nov 28). h20331.www2.hp.com/Hpsub/downloads/Wireless_Technology.pdf

Tragedy story Essay Example for Free

Tragedy story Essay A View from the Bridge is a story that ends in tragedy. A tragedy is a disaster or misfortune, which was never supposed to happen. This play ends tragically as Eddie dies because Marco killed him in self-defence. The immigration finds Marco and Rudolpho, therefore the whole family splits up. Marco may be put in prison or sent back to Italy this will make him unable to provide for his family and will split it up. Eddie and Beatrice have brought up Catherine. Since the death of her parents Eddie has been like a father to her. However as she gets older, his feelings for her might have turned into adult love. Eddie does not like the fact that Catherine is growing up and she goes out all dressed up in short skirts and high heels and gets attention from other men. It seems as though he is jealous. Catherine is a teenage girl soon to become an adult; Eddie just cant accept that. At the beginning of the play on page 6, Eddie comments on the way that Catherine is dressed he does not like it and also how she walks. You are walkin wavy! I dont like the looks theyre givin you in the candy store  He says this as though he is concerned for her, like a father. He also does not want her to be so friendly with other men as they might get the wrong idea. These are the first signs that reveal his jealousy.  On pages 9-11 Catherine has been offered a job, far away from her house, she is really happy and is proud of herself. Eddie does not want her to leave and is trying to say things against her working there. He wants her to work in a nice place and also nearby. Maybe a lawyers office someplace in New York in one of them nice buildings.  Catherine is quite upset as she had her heart set on that job. Eddie eventually changes his mind because of Beatrice. Eddie is controlling Catherine therefore he does not want her to move away.  I support you this long  This shows that he is the breadwinner. If he has supported her for this long he will not stop now. It also means that he is the man of the house and in charge. Beatrice realises the feelings that Eddie has towards Catherine. On pages 29-31 Beatrice is telling Catherine that she needs to act grown up infront of Eddie. Beatrice is saying it because she does not want Eddie to get he wrong impression as she knows what he is like. She does not want Eddie to treat Catherine like a baby anymore, as she is old enough to make her own decisions.  Eddie and Beatrices marriage is not going well at all. Eddie never listens to Beatrice whenever she tries to talk to him. She tries to talk to him on page 24 about the relationship but he does not respond as Catherine is on his mind. Beatrice suspects that he has unnatural feelings towards Catherine. On pages 62-63 Beatrice is trying to get Eddie to calm down but he does not listen to her at all. She then tells him about the love that he has for Catherine, but he denies it. You want somethin else, Eddie you can never have her!  Alfieri says in his speech that the play will take its bloody course. This tells the audience that something terrible will happen in the play. Alfieri also realises the feelings Eddie has towards Catherine; he gives him advice not to get to close to Catherine. Alfieri knows that Eddie loves her more than he should. If Eddie loves Catherine romantically, then the relationship between them is bound to end unhappily, because of the family ties between them. Eddie is aggressive with Beatrice and Alfieri whenever they bring this up. The arrival of the cousins acts as a catalyst and all the tensions that already existed are brought to the surface. When Rudolpho and Marco first arrive at the house Eddie is being extremely kind and welcoming to them both but soon after, he is only really talking to Marco. When Rudolpho starts singing he tells him to stop. I think this is because he thinks that men should not be singing the way he does. He may also want him to stop singing because he knows that Catherine likes the way he sings and does not want Catherine to fall for him. He says it as though he does not want the immigration to catch him.  Look, kid; you dont want to be picked up, do ya?  He also does not like it because Rudolpho is spending a lot of time with Catherine, he is jealous.

Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment

Water Treatment for Contaminated Water | Experiment Water Contamination Melissa Butler Abstract In the experiments that we have conducted, we used oil, vinegar, laundry soap, and soil to simulate polluted groundwater. Most of the contaminants are occurs naturally, aluminum, iron, and manganese. We then created a variety of filters to attempt to clean the ground water and make it drinkable. We also did experiments will prove that there is really no difference between the two. While doing my experiment we find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of contaminants as tap water. Introduction Some areas have water-containing contaminations from natural or non-natural sources. These impurities can cause health problems like rashes, diarrhea, and maybe even cancer. Contaminates can also damage equipment, plumbing, or make the water undrinkable, due to flavor, smell, appearance, or discoloration. Water that contain harmful contaminates need to be fixed immediately. â€Å"According to the EPA, exposure to lead in drinking water can result in delayed physical or neurologic development in infants and children, and can cause high blood pressure, kidney problems, and cancer in adults. Moreover, a growing body of evidence suggests adverse health effects result even at blood levels below the 10 ÃŽ ¼g/dL â€Å"level of concern† at which the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend intervention.† (Renner, 2009. A544). â€Å"Before beginning any treatment plan, have water tested by an independent laboratory to determine the specific impurities and leve l of contamination. This will help you select the most effective and economical treatment method†. (Ross, Parrott, Woods, 2009). The effects of exposure to some contaminants in our water supply are not known, but not all of them are health threats. The National Water Quality Inventory 1994 Report to Congress states â€Å"that 40% of flowing river and stream miles can be used for drinking water after conventional water treatment, and 37% of lake and reservoir acres meet the designated use criteria for drinking water† (EPA). The reason why we conducted this experiment is to test the filtration to remove oil, vinegar, and laundry detergent has on soil before it reaches groundwater. These substances go to our local water supply, and into our soil. While the things that we have tested are relatively are no very dangerous, but we have to think of the thing that can get through and cause harm. Materials and Methods Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination In this experiment, we tested ground water for impurities. The materials that were used was eight 250mL beakers, three wooden stir sticks, 10mL of vegetable oil, 10mL of vinegar, 100mL graduated cylinder, 10mL of liquid laundry detergent, 100mL beaker, 240mL of soil, cheesecloth, funnel and water. With a marker, the eight 250mL beakers were labeled number one through eight. Putting five through eight to the side, fill with beakers one through four with 100mL of water using the 100mL graduated cylinder to help measure the water. In beaker number two 10mL of vegetable oil was put in and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number three 10mL of vinegar was added and with a wooded stir stick was stirred thoroughly. In beaker number four 10mL of liquid laundry detergent was added and with a wooden stir stick was stirred thoroughly. At this time, I wrote down my observations of beakers one through four in Table 1. I cut the cheesecloth into four pieces and folded them so that it was four layers thick. I placed one piece of cheesecloth into the funnel, measured 60mL of soil using the 100mL to help measure the soil, and poured that into the funnel. Taking beaker number one, I poured the contents into the funnel and let that filter into beaker number five. Using the same technique as above I repeated the same thing to beakers number two through four and poured them into beakers number six through eight. Once this was done I observed beakers five through eight and wrote down my observations into the Table. Experiment 2: Water Treatment We add 100 mL of soil to the 250 mL beaker, and fill to the 200 mL mark with water. Then we move the soil solution back and forth between the two 250 mL beakers a total of 15 times. We will use10 mL of the contaminated water into a clean 100 mL beaker, and compare it to the â€Å"treated† water at the end of the filtration process. We 10 grams of alum to the 250 mL beaker containing the â€Å"contaminated† water and slowly stir the mixture with a wooden stir stick for 1-2 minutes and let the solution sit for 15 minutes. Then rinse out the empty 250 mL beaker and place the funnel into the beaker. Use four layers of cheesecloth that can line the funnel. Put cheesecloth inside funnel. Pour 40 mL of sand into the cheesecloth-lined funnel, 20 mL activated charcoal, and 40 mL gravel. Use a 100 mL beaker to measure these amounts. To set the filter, slowly pour clean tap water through the filter until the funnel is full. Remove the clean water from the beaker and repeat four more times. Return the funnel to the top of the beaker and let sit for 5 minutes befor e emptying the beaker and continuing the experiment. Without mixing up the current sediment in the â€Å"contaminated† water jar, pour about 3/4 of the â€Å"contaminated† water into the funnel. Let it filter through the funnel into the beaker for 5 minutes. Note the smell of the filtered water, comparing it to the 10 mL sample taken from the mixture in Step 3. Remove the filter and add a few drops of bleach solution to the filtered water within the beaker. Stir the water and bleach combination slowly for about 1 minute. Experiment 3: Drinking Water Quality Label three 250 mL beakers Tap Water, and bottle water (Fiji and Dasani). Pour 100 mL of the each type of water into the corresponding beakers. Ammonia, Chloride, Four in one, Phosphate, and Iron Test Strip test Find the ammonia test strips. Begin by placing the test strip into the tap water sample and briskly moving the strip up and down in the water for 30 seconds, making sure that the pads on the test strip are always immersed. Remove the test strip from the water and shake off the extra water. Hold the test strip level, with the pad side up, for 30 seconds. 6. Read the results by turning the test strip so the pads are facing away from you. Compare the color of the small pad to the color chart at the end of the lab. Record your results in the table Repeat the procedure for both bottled water. Results Experiment 1: Effects of Groundwater Contamination Table 1: Water Observations (Smell, Color, Etc.) Beaker | Observations | Beaker 1: Water is clear, no smell Beaker 2: No smell, color is almost clear. Water did not mix well, created small bubbles. Oil separated from the water. Beaker 3: No color and water is clear. It also has a smell of vinegar. Beaker 4: Has a smell of perfume and the water turned green. Beaker 5: Water turned brown in color some soil residue at the bottom. Has a smell of wet dirt. Beaker 6: The water change to a light brown color. The soil has filtered out some of the oil, because some of the oil was left behind. Some residue of soil was at the bottom. Smells like wet dirt. Beaker 7: Water still smell like vinegar and smell like dirt, brown in color and residue of soil is at the bottom. Beaker 8: Water has a perfume smell, the water is brown and light green mixed. Made light suds and bubbles, with the residue of dirt at the bottom. Discussion Why do we buy bottle water when tap water is the same thing? People buy more bottler water now than ever before. Do we really think that it is safer to drink? The answer is no. Doing this experiment has proven that there is really not much of a difference between the two. While doing my experiment if find out that bottle water and tap water have just about the same levels of iron, ammonia, chloride, phosphate, and etc. I found that everyday chemicals that we use can contaminant our water supply and could have potential to be harmful if the water is not treated for human consumption. According to the results, only beaker with the vinegar came out to where you will be able to potential drink the water. Conclusions What I found to be the most interesting thing in this experiment is that vinegar helped purify the water so that it could be drinkable. All the contaminants that were used were found to make the filtered water dirty and did not help in purifying the water. I concluded that we need to find a way to get the contaminants out of the water , even bottle water so that our children do not have to deal with the health problems that could be associated with drinking contaminated water. References: Basic Information about E. coli O157:H7 in Drinking Water. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/ecoli.cfm Renner, R. (2009). Out of Plumb, Environmental Health Perspectives. 117(12), A542-A547. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2799485/ Ross, B., Parrott, K., Woods, J. (2009, May 1) Household Water Quality: Water Quality Problems Causes and Treatments. Retrieved May 7, 2015. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Skip Menu. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2015, from http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/356/356-482/356-482.html Water contamination. (n.d.). Retrieved May 8, 2015, from http://extoxnet.orst.edu/faqs/safedrink/watercon.htm

On Tanabes Logic of Species :: Philosophy Japan Papers

On Tanabe's Logic of Species Tanabe Hajime (1885-1962), another pole of the so-called Kyoto-School of Philosophy of modern Japan, attempts to construct a dialectical, triadic logic of genus, species and individual as a creative synthesis between Eastern and Western philosophy. Although the formal pattern of his method is influenced by the Hegelian dialectic, the way of his thinking is rather prevailed by Kantian dualism. This makes a sharp contrast to his mentor Nishida Kitaro, whose logic of Topos or Place qua Absolute Nothingness is criticized as all-embracing and static in character by him. The difference between them might be parallel to that of Greek and Latin theology concerning the Trinity. Tanabe never presupposes any preexistent entity as the primordial One in the eternal dimension, but rather maintains the individuality as the free subjective agent in the field of history. The dichotomy between the universal and the individual is overcome in and through the mediation of the third term — the spec ies — as the negatively self-realized, specific form of the genus. The species, however, turns out to be the self-estrangement, when it loses the perpetually negative mediation of the free subjective activity of the individual. The species-like substrative being, in its function of negative mediation, is necessary for an individual subject to arise in accordance with the universal genus. The substratum retains its self-identity in the form of continuum, though it contains the negatively opposed moment within itself. The self-identity is no other than the balance between the continuum and the moment of negative opposition. That is, the substratum as matter is the self-negating mediation to a spiritual subject. Spirit cannot manifest itself without the negativity matter has. The substrative continuity of matter is the mediator to the subjective action of the individual person, and functions as the expedient being or means for it. The universal genus is to be actualized only through the mediation of the individual practical subject, and the individual must negatively mediate its own egoity, i. e. , radical evil hidden in the bottom of itself, tending to cling to its self-identity, to be purified through repent ance. This is the self-realization of the principle of the mutual identification of Pathos and Nous. The Pathos corresponds to the species-like substratum, and the sin and evil involved in that substratum is to be purified through its active subjectification. The individual does not disappear into the universality, but rather the universality is to be realized in the individual through the mediation of a particular species as the material substrative being.

My First Car Essay -- Observation Essays, Descriptive Essays

It was a cold December night shortly after dusk, a likely setting for an event that would prove to be life altering. As fate would have it, this would be the night that I lost the material possession that truly meant the most to me. I would lose the one thing that gave me much pride and joy and excitement. I often think back and liken us to a newlywed couple, for we had only been together for 18 months and were still very much honeymooning. It was a night, a moment, that even now scoffs and mocks me as I travel thither and yonder with her replacement. But she can never be truly replaced and to call my current fix a replacement seems like a sort of blasphemy. I called her my Blue Angel. That's right! She was a brand new 1999 Atlantic blue Ford Mustang fully equipped with white racing stripes on each side, dark window tint, a rear spoiler, and a post-factory sound system that I installed personally just to complete the "dream ride" effect. We met on April 24, 1999,when my parents introduced us and told me she was all mine as a reward for graduating high school as valedictorian. And what a reward she turned out to be. We went everywhere together. I took her out to eat. When I'd go play ball somewhere, she went with me. Every day from April 24, 1999, to December 22, 2000, we were together. We were bonding in a way a young man can bond with no other, and there truly was no other for me. Other guys had bigger trucks and faster cars, but where my Blue Angel was lacking in size and power, she more than made up for in pure, unadulterated, raw emotion, She never let me down; she was always looking her best and never longing for attention from me or any of the other countless admirers and fans she won over for... ...ere living on love, my new friend and I are nothing more than meager acquaintances. His windows are not tinted, he does not have a backseat, and he lacks a decent stereo system, not to mention the whole appearance issue that made my previous relationship so special. He's not as fast or comfortable. He doesn't hug the road well at all. He's harder to handle and maneuver. He does have more cargo space and a wider wheel balance but what does that really mean? Really? I am fairly confident that one day I will meet another very similar to my beloved Blue Angel; but at this point in my life she could never mean the same. That level of thinking has passed. Things of importance are much different now than they were back then, but that hardly changes what she meant to me. She was special and will always hold a special place in my heart- I miss her dearly.

To His Coy Mistress: Beneath The Romance Essay -- essays research pape

Few would argue that on the surface level of Marvel's "To His Coy Mistress" the speaker is a lover advancing a conventional 'carpe diem' line of thought. He systematically reasons with his desired object about the futility of delaying their interlude when the hours available to them are limited, but the lyric may simultaneously function as a metaphor for Marvel's endeavors as a metaphysical poet. Metaphysical writers view poetry as an intellectual exercise, an opportunity to develop ideas in a logical, argumentative structure; for them, the object of poetry is not to serve as an outlet for an effusion of emotional sentiments. If one approaches "To a Coy Mistress" as a discussion of the pressures which time places upon a writer, Marvel's apostrophe takes on an ironic twist. He uses his analytical skills to coax his writing to manifest his intended desires, providing a playful look at the connection between a man and his work. Complicating this relationship is the necessity of negotiating under the terms and constraints of an outside third party: time. Marvel battles to balance his time between his public occupation as a member of the British Parliament, the Hull, and his more private pursuits as a writer. The superficially apparent pleas of a lover seeking a relationship serve as a mirror to Marvel's struggle to conquer his artistic prowess.The poem itself contains three distinct components of argumentation, all which occur within a syllogistic framework. The argumentation of each division begins with an acknowledged impossibility, represented by the conditional tenses of "Had we," "But," and "Now, therefore." Marvel comprehends his incapacity to master absolutely the antagonist of time, but in this poem, he achieves a victory through the creation of an interpretation of time unbounded by a linear backdrop. He uses a three tiered progression of argumentation: 1) a reflection of the writing process removed from traditional conceptions of time; 2) discourse on the urgency of creating written material wi thin human time frames; and 3) the presentation of written material as a celebration of life.In the first division, Marvel creates a world ideally conducive to his endeavors as a writer by distorting human measurement of time. In the beginning line, the vast and illimitable capacity of the backdrop blurs the re... ...al games, is advancing a more complex message. One of the hallmarks of metaphysical poets is the practice of metaphysical conceit, which is a figure of speech that employs unconventional and paradoxical images. Marvel engages in the challenging task of relating the struggles of a writer trying to direct his energy and ideas into a concrete format to the attempts of a lover trying to convince another to engage in sexual relations. The syllogistic framework of the poem seems to support the implausibility of such a relationship, but Marvel succeeds with his logical progression in formulating a unique perspective of a writer's plight. By constantly shifting its pace, the poem redefines the conception of time, asking one to consider how an artist must control his medium within time's constraints. The audience feels itself being gently introduced to the endless possibilities of the exploration of ideas just before entering a race against time to understand the frustration, fear and the ultimate explosion of excitement accompanying the writing experience. Marvel succeeds in validating the metaphysical tenets of prose, but only if the audience is clever enough to read beneath the romance.

Introduction to Psychology Reaction Paper Guidelines

Introduction to Psychology Reaction Paper Guidelines Definition of Genre: In a reaction or response paper, writers respond to one or more texts they have read. A popular assignment with instructors in the social sciences and humanities, such papers require students to understand each text individually and evaluate how well each accomplishes its own objectives. If you are responding to multiple texts, you must also discover how the texts relate to one another. (If responding to just one text, you might need to situate it within the larger context of class discussions, readings, etc. , depending on the prompt. A reaction paper may include a discussion of interesting questions that the readings raise for the student, but such a discussion is not sufficient by itself. Preparation: Writing good response papers is more demanding than it might appear at first. It is not simply a matter of reading the text, understanding it, and expressing an opinion about it. You must allow yourself enough time to be clear about what each text says and how the texts all relate to one another. In other words, response papers require you to synthesize the intellectual work of others—that is, bring it together into an integrated whole.In preparing to write response papers, therefore, it is crucial that you allow yourself not just enough time to do the readings but enough to digest what you have read and to put the results together into a unified account. ( h t t p : / / u w p . a a s . d u k e . e d u / w s t u d i o) Questions to ask while reading the article: Use the â€Å"Template for Analyzing the Logic of an Article. † The questions from the template do not necessary need to be answered in the paper. They are just questions you need to understand in order to comprehend the articles.Questions to ask while preparing to write your paper: Refer to â€Å"Universal Intellectual Standards† and â€Å"Questions Using the Elements of Thought. † Instructions for pap er formatting: For our purposes, we will be using APA format. You will not need an Abstract, but you will need the following sections listed below. Use the guidelines sent via e-mail or found on the APA web site (www. apa. org) for help. I highly recommend reviewing the APA information that was sent via e-mail and can be found on the course website under Resources: Links: APA Formatting & Plagiarism Links. Content: in margins, 12 point font, typed, double spaced, APA format, 3-8 pages of text, 1 Reference Page, and 1 Title Page. Address the questions in essay style, don’t just answer questions. Note: The longest sections of your paper will be the reaction and application sections. Paragraph(s) Requirements: You MUST include the following six bold items when submitting your paper. 1. Title Page- The first page of your paper must be an APA style title page. Use the guidelines found on the APA web site (www. apa. org) for help. 1. Summary- In 1-2 paragraphs, you are to summarize the material to which you are reacting.Make sure you state the title of the work and authors in the paper. Do not merely repeat the text. Should you feel the need to selectively use quotations from the material, put them in quotations and follow APA formatting. When paraphrasing the material (which is what you will be doing the majority of the paper,) you MUST include in-text citations. Although APA format may be new to many of you, you are familiar with MLA which also requires in-text citations when discussing the material. If you are citing material learned from lecture you will cite me as an interview: (R Shepherd, personal communication, August 15, 2009. Failure to cite your material correctly constitutes plagiarism and will result in a zero. Please refer to the Academic Integrity Form you signed at the beginning of the semester for the definitions and consequences of plagiarism. 2. Critique-In 2 paragraphs or more, you are to critically analyze the material you are reacting to . Note, critique does not mean simply saying something negative about the text. Your analysis should address issues such as one or more of the following: a) Does the writer present these ideas (the researcher) fairly or are they slanted? ) What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research provided in the article? c) What could be added to this material to make it better or more complete? When working on the critique section of your paper, you should use your knowledge of research methods learned at the beginning of the semester, as well as any material covered during class lecture that relates to the article being critiqued. 3. Reaction- Give your personal reaction to this material. This is your opportunity to express your opinion about the research.However, keep in mind that you are an introductory student and these researchers have been studying longer than you have been alive. Know the limits of your knowledge and state that if it’s necessary. Your reactions could incl ude any or all of these points: a. Why do you think this research was good/bad? b. Did you agree/disagree with the research? Why or why not? You must back up your claims with science and relevant material discussed in class. c. What did you find surprising about the article? 4. Application- How does this material relate to society/lecture material/psychology? What is the BIG picture?Explain in detail. What are the implications of this research being used in society? Is its application good, bad, or both? 5. Reference Section- While following APA guidelines, you are required to include a Reference section at the end of your Reaction Paper. You must cite at least the article in which you have read and any other sources you have referred to, including the textbook. If you fail to complete a Reference Section you are committing plagiarism and will receive a zero. Please refer to the Academic Integrity Form you signed at the beginning of the semester for the consequences of plagiarism.

Nelson Mandela’s Values Essay

It will be hard to think if a person says A manhood who served twenty seven years in prison house, turned out to be nonpareil of the greatest electric chairs our world has seen. Well this did genuinely happen and this former death chair is exempt living today. Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Transkei, southerly Africa, he was a failer of the anti-apartheid force outment in the 1940s. Mandela was jailed for 27 years for acts of sabotage against the southeasterly African state, and shortly after his ferment from prison he led a multi-racial ships company for the archetypical time ever in South Africas history. By doing this he was elected as the first sullen/ antiauthoritarian president of South Africa. passim his years as a president he has been widely regarded as a symbol of global peacemaking, and he win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. His birthday, July 18, has been declare Mandela Day a global celebration of his legacy. Mandela reached this success a nd earned the title of a world ren confessed draw with his determine in leadership, standing up for what he believed in, that is in elected butt and his bullocky disapproval of injustice.Nelson Mandela surveyd leadership since his first days, considered by many another(prenominal) as a revolutionary leader he helped ordinate the fight against racism and apartheid in South Africa. (Brink). Mandela witnessed leadership at a youthful age when observing his guardian oversee tribal decision-making gatherings. Mandelas guardian listened in silence for days, never voicing his whim even after everyones mentation was heard. After everyone had spoken, his guardian guided the chemical congregation to reach a consensus. Later, Mandela used this bear to mold his leadership sprint (Stengel). tally to Stengel, Mandela recalled the following lesson regarding leadership from when he was a young cattle herder When you regard to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he said, yo u stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more(prenominal) energetic cattle move to the campaign and the rest of the cattle follow. You are in reality guiding them from behind. He paused before utter with a smile, That is how a leader should do his work. Furthermore, Mandelas wet value for leadership began with him displaying his ability to organize and lead others by component part to create the early days League of African National carnal knowledge (ANCYL) which organized protests, boycotts, petitions, and strikes to end apartheid.Previously the African Nation Congress (ACN), ANCYLs raise organization, had petitioned the government for years forequality with picayune success. However, with falsify magnitude success of the movement, the government increased violence toward nonviolent protesters and banned the ANC. Mandela and other leaders in the movement had to go down how to respond. In a risky decision, they reason out that nonviolence would no longer b e effective and that the ANC needed to continue underground. These satisfys resulted in the bonds of Mandela and many ANC leaders, but this action helped to inspire others and to prepare the country for change (Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa.).After more than twenty years in prison, Mandela decided it was time to take matters into his own hands. He realized that, as a leader, it was time to take a drastic step, and he met with the South African president in order to discuss his release and his desire to switch the nation to a democracy.Mandela was successful, and upon his release he was elected the first democratic leader of South Africa (Brink). Mandela eternally stood up for what he believed in he was never fazed by an opponent. Mandelas value of believing in the democratic process is an example. Even though many did not always agree with this idea, he believed it was the right way forward (Johnson). He was at first unsuccessful with his pursu its, this include the time when he tried during his imprisonment to have prisoners to be addressed more respectfully by guards, and also after when he attempted to have the national voting age lowered to 14 (Stengel). But slowly he accomplished his foundation of democracy and people were in the end drawn to it (Stengel). Throughout his battle against apartheid and helping to bring democracy to South Africa, Mandela choose a democratic leadership style (Johnson).And according to Johnson Democratic leaders particularise policies through group discussion and decision, further and helping group members to interact, requesting the cooperation of others and this was exactly what Mandela did (Johnson).Mandelas other key value that back up his leadership and democratic style was his strong disapproval for injustice. Mandela never tolerated injustice he believed that justice was the only path to success. For in military strength, when Mandela got to robin redbreast Island where he wa s to be imprisoned, he was told to roam to the prison gate. He firmly refused and started a hunger strike with other inmates to chasten the condition they were living in. This worked out in their favor and the conditions improved (Hume).This example highlights Mandelas value for denouncing injustice andoppression. Nonetheless, Mandela believed Consensus to be the overlord decision making process to shit commitment and motivation in group members toward group objectives. Using Consensus meant that justice would be served at its best when making a decision and Mandela fully supported this process (Johnson). Ultimately, Nelson Mandela is viewed as a revolutionary leader for his ability to empower and motivate others apply his strong regard for consensus and the democratic process. His stance for promoting justice and peace has been hailed across the world. He led South Africa from a light supremacist country to being the first democratic nation in Africa. With these values Nelson Mandela reached the last success in the eyes of everyone. mold citedBrink, Andre. Nelson Mandela. Time. Time, 13 Apr. 1998. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.. Hume, Tim. Digital Mandela enumeration Spreads Message of Social Justice. CNN. Cable intelligence information Network, 28 Mar. 2008. Web. 24 Nov. 2012. l. Johnson, Caleb. A loss leaders Nest New York times New York 1993 Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . Nelson Mandela, African National Congress (ANC), and South Africa. dusty War Museum. The Cold War Museum, 17 May 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. . Stengel, Richard. Mandela His 8 Lessons of Leadership. Time. Time, 09 July 2008. Web. 24Nov. 2012. .

Describe How Two Businesses Are Organised

absorb how two businesses atomic number 18 organize (P3) I am going to talk virtually two organisations and how they operate. The organisations I am going to talk more or less be McDonalds and Chester zoo. McDonalds is a fast food restaurant and its resolve is to provide the best and fastest customer serve well so in this way it willing bring out the organisation a good reputation and economic aid them to make more profit. pic This shows how stuff work in McDonalds.If there would be a problem with customers for causa, thusly the assistant manager would narrow c are of this entirely if there would be someaffair more serious beca design the business manager will have to take care of it because he is the top head of managing. This too shows how the organisation is organized and how everyone is on the top of the graph and wantwise at the bottom. Chester zoological garden is a menagerie organisation with loads of attractions for children. Its purpose is to preven t their customers beaming and also financial aid others because Chester menagerie is also a charity and most of its profit goes to charity to help other hatful.This is one of the organisation charts for Chester menagerie. This organisation chart shows how the herpetology aggroup work at Chester Zoo. For example the herpetology team up manager is on top andeveryone below shroud to him. For example if there was a problem with something to do with the herpetology keepers thus they would report it to the herpetology lead keeper who would then report it to the herpetology team manager. vitrines of organisational buildings There are quaternary types of organisational social systems which are Functional Geographic Product Type of customer Functional Functional complex body parts arrange subdivisions agree to what goes on within each department. An example of this structure would be Sandwell College where the lecturers are in their own departments, the receptionists and se cretaries would be in the administration department or perspective and the library and IT cater would be in give services. Geographic Geographic structures are mostly about the size of the organisation and where it operates.This could be where there are teams of people operating in different locations analogous in different towns, cities or countries, so it would be very difficult to organise the business plainly by its guides. By product By-product organisational structures post a range of products or services and these buns dictate its structure. For example a supermarket could be organised into the following hightail ital areas Fruit and veg Cookedmeats Tinned goods wearable Frozen goods By type of customer By type of customer organisational structures have both consumers as customers and also have other businesses as customers.This send packing be referred to as B2C (business to consumer) and B2B (business to business). Hierarchical structure A hierarchical s tructure consists of multiple levels. This means that the orbit of command would look like a benefit with a large base of workers who are oversee by the level above them which continues to the top rank officer such as the CEO or society president. Flat structure A tight structure has few levels of trouble mingled with the executive director level and the front-line employees. The purpose of a flat structure is to empower employees by making them a big part of the decision making process in a business.It is knowing to make employees more productive. It also allows for more rapid change and problem closing as the communication occurs more easily between the upper managers and baseline employees. Matrix structure A matrix structure is a type of centering system in which workers report to more than reasonable one person, effectively having two or more supervisors at the equal time. For example professionals with different types of expertness are brought together to work on a project. They report to a number of managers of different projects as well as to a uprightal supervisor.McDonalds and Chester Zoo both have a hierarchical structure because they have multiple levels and they both have a CEO or company president that everyone reports to. cross of control Span of control is the number of people that one various(prenominal) is responsible for in an organisation. The wider the traverse of control is then the greater the number of whom the individual is responsible. A manager who is responsible for too umpteen people may be so overworked that their staff in turn may not be able to perform their duties effectively.Functional Areas The functional areas are the specialiser areas of activity within an organisation. These implicate Finance merchandise Production Customer service sales humankind imaginativenesss Finance The finance department functions include holding records of financial activity for example the sales do by the busin ess and providing managers with information that they can use in decision making for example damage of making products. For McDonalds the finance department would have to keep track of how many sales they make per mean solar daytime and what kind of meal or burger makes the most money.For Chester Zoo the finance department would have to do the same which is keeping records of how many sales they make per day and how much profit they make. Marketing The marketing function is responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements. The marketing function have to carry out market inquiry to find out which types of customers make up a particular market for example what they want, where they want it, how they like it and at what price. The marketers will have an important learn in deciding The products the company produces The prices charged Promotions designed to encourage the customers Place wheregoods are sold For example at McDonalds the marketers woul d decide on what type of Mcflurrys they would shop to customers and at Chester Zoo the marketers will decide on what price they will sell their tickets for people to convey and confabulate Chester Zoo Production The production function organises who makes the goods and how and when they are make. The production manager of a company is responsible for making accepted raw materials are processed into finished goods.At McDonalds the production function will have to make sure that the burgers and chips are made in good quality and at Chester Zoo the production team have to make sure that the food they feed to the animals are just right for them to eat. Customer service Customer service is pertain with looking after customers at all stages of their kinship with a company. They have to provide customers with details about offers, make sure the customers are listened to and valued and attend to customer complaints, providing after sales service such as servicing of goods, spare pa rts or information about refreshed products.At Chester Zoo the customer service people will have to come up to with complaints and will have to tell people who visit about offers they may not know about. Sales The sales function is responsible for getting customers to spoil what the company produces. The sales department works closely with the marketing department. The main responsibility of the sales department is to create orders for goods and services. For example at McDonalds the sales team will have to try and sell as much food as they can to the customers so they can make a profit. At Chester Zoo they will have to do the same thing by selling Chester Zoo merchandise.Human resources Human resource managers are responsible for all aspects of people management in an organisation. The type of work covered in the human resource function might include a policy-making role, welfare role, supportive role, negotiate and negotiating role, administrative role and educational and de velopment role. At Chester Zoo the human resources will have to do an educational and development role because when they have new employees they will need to train them. This goes for the same at McDonalds, where they will have to train their employees.