Employee Motivation in Low Income Earning Jobs: Subway

Chapter 1 Introduction Background to the study A motivated employee works hard and effectively because of the satisfactory feeling of fulfillment. In business management, motivation is an important research field. Over the years, there have been many motivation theories developed. One of the most famous theories is on the basis of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Maslow (1954) argued that individuals have a hierarchy of needs, and true motivation is achieved by fulfilling higher level of needs. Emphasized by various motivation theories, income (money) has been an essential factor which can affect motivation.Someone who has low income jobs tends to have low motivation. Consequently, low motivation will result in low effectiveness and high rate of staff turnover, which has a negative influence on company’s performances. As a multi-national company, Subway has achieved international success over the years. In the UK and Ireland, since the first store opened in 1996, Subway is continuing to expand at a substantial rate, with an average of five stores opening every week (www. subway. co. uk). During the past two years, Subway has provided more than 7000 jobs in UK and Ireland (www. ubway. co. uk). Therefore, the research based the case study of Subway will have a wide range of indications in terms of employee motivation. Statement of the problem Self motivation  only exists when people agree that there is a beneficial relationship between their behavior and their desired results. If an employee is only working in a low income working place because of money, it will be difficult to motivate them because it is very hard to convince them that they are staying in the best place for themselves.As a result, the rate of employee turnover is comparatively high. Motivation therefore has become a big issue to both employees and managers. From employees’ perspective, they have to find the factors which can keep them motivated. From managers’ perspect ive, they have to find the solutions which can help motivate their employees. Aims and objectives To identify the main factors that affect motivation in Subway employees To investigate the methods used by Subway managers in motivating employees To find out the problems of motivation in SubwaySignificance of the study Motivation is a powerful tool in the work places because it can compel employees to work at their most efficient levels of performances (Steinmetz, 1983). In order to achieve organizational objectives, managers have to motivate the right people to join in the organization and stay. The more motivated the employees are, the more empowered the team is. From this regard, this research can help to identify elements which affect employee motivations and the effective motivational ways. MethodologyThis project will be based on questionnaires among Subway employees, who receive the national minimum wage. The questionnaires will be designed to highlight all the factors regardin g motivation and distributed to various Subway stores in Birmingham. The data collected from the questionnaires will thereafter be analyzed. Plan of the Study The project encompasses five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of this research, which briefly presents the background, importance, plan, scope and limitation of this project.The second chapter reviews the relevant literature and journals. In this chapter, the meaning of motivation, major motivation theories, the application of motivation, contemporary issues on motivation and usefulness and limitations of motivation will be discussed. Chapter three focuses on the methodology utilized by this project. Chapter four presents the research analysis on the basis of the data collected. The last chapter is the conclusion of the whole project, as well as the recommendation. Scope and Limitation The scope of this project is based on the Subways in Birmingham area.However, due to time constraints, the questionnaires are on ly distributed in 20 Subways stores. Chapter 2 Literature Review Meaning of motivation The term ‘motivation’ is originated from the Latin word for ‘movement’ (movere). In 1964, Vroom explained that motivation is ‘a process governing choice made by persons . . . among alternative forms of voluntary activity’ (Vroom, 1964). Similarly, Atkinson (1964) defined motivation as ‘the contemporary (immediate) influence on direction, vigor, and persistence of action’.Furthermore, Campbell and Pritchard also proposed that motivation is related with a set of independent/ dependent variables that explain the direction, amplitude, and persistence of an individual’s behavior, holding constant the effects of aptitude, skill, and understanding of the task, and the constraints operating in the environment. All these explanations have three common elements; that is, they are all concerned with factors or events that energize, channel, and susta in human behavior. According to various theories, motivation may be rooted in the basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure.It may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being, ideal. It may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, selfishness, morality, or avoiding mortality. There are two kinds of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is internal. It happens when people are compelled to do something out of pleasure, importance, or desire. Extrinsic motivation occurs when external factors lead the person to do something. A common place that applies motivation is work place. In the work place, motivation plays a key role in the success of leadership.A person who can’t understand the meaning and the importance of motivation will not become a leader. Also, to stay as a leader, he/she also needs to utilize motivation in the work place. Employee motivation is the psychologi cal feature that arouses an employee to work in an effective level, to accomplish organizational goals. It is necessary for organization to enhance motivation level of the employees to bring out the best performances from them. Major Motivation Theories Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs One of the most influential authors in the area of motivation is Abraham Maslow (1954).Abraham Maslow (1954) integrated various research related to human motivation. Prior to Maslow, researchers just focused on motivational factors separately, such as biology, achievement, or power to explain what energizes, directs, and sustains human behavior. Maslow proposed a hierarchy of human needs on the basis of two groupings: deficiency needs and growth needs (Maslow, 1954). Within the deficiency needs, every lower need must be met before moving to the next higher level (Maslow, 1954). The first four levels are: 1) Physiological: hunger, thirst, bodily comforts, etc. 2) Safety/Security: out of danger; 3) B elongingness and Love: affiliate with others, be accepted; and 4) Esteem: to achieve, be competent, gain approval and recognition (Maslow, 1954). According to Maslow (1954), an individual is ready to act upon the growth needs if and only if the deficiency needs are met. Maslow's initial conceptualization included only one growth need: self-actualization (Maslow, 1954). Self-actualized people are characterized by: 1) being problem-focused; 2) incorporating an ongoing freshness of appreciation of life; 3) a concern about personal growth; and 4) the ability to have peak experiences (Maslow, 1954).Maslow later differentiated the growth need of self-actualization, specifically naming two lower-level growth needs prior to general level of self-actualization and one beyond that level (Maslow, 1971). They are: 5) Cognitive: to know, to understand, and explore; 6) Aesthetic: symmetry, order, and beauty; 7) Self-actualization: to find self-fulfillment and realize one's potential; and 8) Self- transcendence: to connect to something beyond the ego or to help others find self-fulfillment and realize their potential (Maslow, 1971).Maslow's basic idea is that as one becomes more self-actualized and self-transcendent, one becomes wiser and knows what to do in a wide variety of situations (Maslow, 1971). He also recognized that not all personalities followed his proposed hierarchy (Maslow, 1954). Maslow published his theory over 50 years ago and it has since become one of the most popular and often cited theories in the field of human motivation. Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory Another significant motivational theory was developed by Frederick Herzberg, who had close links with Maslow.Frederick Herzberg believed in a two-factor theory of motivation. He argued that there were certain factors that a business could introduce that would directly motivate employees to work harder (Motivators) (Herzberg, 1959). However, there were also factors that would de-motivate an employee if not present but would not in themselves actually motivate employees to work harder (Hygiene factors) (Herzberg, 1959). Motivators are more associated with the job itself (Herzberg, 1959). For instance, how interesting the work is and how much opportunity it gives for extra responsibility, recognition and promotion (Herzberg, 1959).Hygiene factors are factors which surround the job rather than the job itself (Herzberg, 1959). For example, a worker will only go to work if a business has provided a reasonable wage and safe working condition (Herzberg, 1959). However, these factors will not make him work harder at his job once he is there (Herzberg, 1959). Herzberg (1959) believed that businesses should motivate employees by adopting a democratic approach to management and by improving the nature and content of the actual job through certain methods.Some of the methods managers could use to achieve this objective are: job enlargement (workers are given a greater variety of t asks to perform which can make the work more interesting; job enrichment (workers are given a wider range of more complexes, interesting and challenging tasks surrounding a complete unit of work, which can bring out a greater sense of achievement; empowerment (employees are delegated more power to make their own decisions over areas of their working life) (Herzberg, 1959). Douglas McGregor’s theory X and theory YTheory X and Theory Y are theories of human motivation created by Douglas McGregor in 1960s. Theory X and Theory Y are two distinct attitudes toward workforce motivation. According to McGregor, companies followed either one or the other approach, and the key to connecting self-actualization with work is determined by the managerial trust of subordinates (McGregor, 1960). In theory X, management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can and they also inherently dislike work (McGregor, 1960).As a result, management believes that workers need to be closely supervised and comprehensive systems of controls developed (McGregor, 1960). (McGregor, 1960). According to this theory, employees will avoid responsibility whenever they can and so a hierarchical structure is needed with narrow span of control at each and every level (McGregor, 1960). A Theory X manager believes that his or her employees do not really want to work; therefore, it is the manager's job to structure the work and energize the employee (McGregor, 1960).In theory Y, management assumes employees may be ambitious and self-motivated and exercise self-control (McGregor, 1960). It is believed that employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties (McGregor, 1960). They possess the ability for creative problem solving, but their talents are underused in most organizations (McGregor, 1960). Theory Y managers believe that employees will learn to seek out and accept responsibility and to exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives to whic h they are committed (McGregor, 1960).A Theory Y manager believes that, given the proper conditions, most people will want to do well at work (McGregor, 1960). They believe that the satisfaction of doing a good job is a strong motivation for employees (McGregor, 1960). For McGregor, Theory X and Y are not different ends of the same continuum (McGregor, 1960). If a manager needs to apply Theory Y principles, that does not prevent him from being a part of Theory X & Y (McGregor, 1960). David McClelland’s motivational needs theory David McClelland is famous for describing three sorts of motivational need, hich were proposed in his book The Achieving Society (1967). These needs are found to different degrees in all workers and managers, and this mix of motivational needs characterizes a person's or manager's style and behavior, both in terms of being motivated and in the management and motivation others (McClelland, 1967). The need for achievement (n-ach): The n-ach person is ach ievement motivated and therefore seeks achievement, attainment of realistic but challenging goals, and advancement in the job (McClelland, 1967).The n-ach person has a strong need for feedback as to achievement and progress, and a need for a sense of accomplishment (McClelland, 1967). The need for authority and power (n-pow): The n-pow person is authority motivated (McClelland, 1967). This driver produces a need to be influential, effective and to make an impact (McClelland, 1967). The n-pow perso has a strong need to lead and for their ideas to prevail (McClelland, 1967). The n-pow person also has motivation and need towards increasing personal status and prestige (McClelland, 1967).The need for affiliation (n-affil): The n-affil person is affiliation motivated, and has a need for friendly relationships and is motivated towards interaction with other people (McClelland, 1967). The affiliation driver produces motivation and need to be liked and held in popular regard. The n-affil pe rson is team player (McClelland, 1967). McClelland (1967) suggested that most people possess and exhibit a combination of these characteristics. Some people exhibit a strong bias to a particular motivational need and this motivational mix consequently affects their behavior and working/managing style (McClelland, 1967).McClelland (1967) proposed that a strong n-affil motivation undermines a manager's objectivity, because they want their need to be liked, which affects a manager's decision-making capability (McClelland, 1967). A strong n-pow motivation will produce a determined work ethic and commitment to the organization, while n-pow people are more focused on the leadership role, which means they may not possess the required flexibility and people-centered skills (McClelland, 1967). Other motivation theory related to business managementWorkers in any organization need something to keep them motivated. If no motivation exists, employee’s quality of work in general will deter iorate. According to the system of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1911), a worker's motivation is only determined by payment, and therefore management doesn’t need to consider the psychological or social aspects of work. Essentially, in scientific management, human motivation is solely based on extrinsic rewards and it dismisses the idea of intrinsic reward.Elton Mayo (1933) found out that the social contacts a worker has at the workplace are very important and that boredom and repetitiveness of tasks will reduce their motivation. Mayo thought that workers can be motivated by acknowledging their social needs and making them feel important. Consequently, employees were given freedom to make decisions on the job and greater attention was paid to informal work groups. This model as named the Hawthorne effect by Mayo.At lower levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1954), such as physiological needs, money is a motivator; however it tends to have a mo tivating effect on staff only for a short period, in line with Herzberg(1959)'s two-factor model of motivation. At higher levels of the hierarchy, praise, respect, recognition, empowerment and a sense of belonging are far more powerful motivators than money, as both Abraham Maslow(1954) and Douglas McGregor (1960)indicated. The assumptions of Maslow and Herzberg were challenged by a classic study at Vauxhall Motors' UK manufacturing plant (Goldthorpe, Lockwood,Bechhofer and Platt, 1968).This study introduced the concept of orientation to work and identified three main orientations: instrumental (where work is a means to an end), bureaucratic (where work is a source of status, security and immediate reward) and solidaristic (which prioritizes group loyalty) (Goldthorpe, Lockwood,Bechhofer and Platt, 1968). Other theories which expanded and extended those of Maslow and Herzberg included Kurt Lewin's Force Field Theory (1938), Edwin Locke's Goal Theory (1996) and Victor Vroom's Expecta ncy theory (1964).These theories tend to emphasize cultural differences and the fact that individuals tend to be motivated by different factors at different times In Essentials of Organizational Behavior, Robbins and Judge examined recognition programs as motivators, and identified five principles that contribute to the success of an employee incentive program (2007):recognition of employees' individual differences, and clear identification of behavior deemed worthy of recognition ;allowing employees to participate; linking rewards to performance ;rewarding of nominators; visibility of the recognition processChapter 3 Research Method This project is based on questionnaires among Subway employees, who receive the national minimum wage. The questionnaires is designed to highlight all the factors regarding motivation and distributed to various Subway stores in Birmingham. The data collected from the questionnaires is thereafter analyzed. 3. 1 The advantages and disadvantages of Questio nnaire Questionnaires are one of the most popular research methods because they provide a simple way of collecting information from a targeted population.It is easy to analyze questionnaires, by the help of most statistical analysis software. In the terms of cost, they are very effective as well, comparing to face-to-face interviews (Seitz, 1944). Most people are familiar with questionnaires. Many people have had some experience of completing questionnaires. ). Unlike other research methods as telephone or face-to-face surveys,, the respondent is not interrupted by the research instrument. When a respondent receive a questionnaire, he/she is free to complete it whenever he /she want to (Jahoda, et al. , 1962).However, questionnaires may not be suited for everyone. For example, to a group of poorly educated people, a written survey might not work because they don’t have enough reading skills. More often, some suitable group of people are simply neglected by written questionnai res because of misuse (Deutcher, 1956) Thanks to the uniform presentation of question, questionnaires can also reduce the bias of respondents (Jahoda, et al. , 1962). Many researchers have found that voice inflections and mannerisms of the interviewers can have a bias on responses (Barath and Cannell, 1976).Unlike face-to-face interview, there is no particular way of any verbal or visual clue to affect the reaction of a respondent. Since there is no interviewer, the questionnaire is not subject to this sort of bias. On the other hand, however, the researcher's ability to probe responses is limited by the lack of an interviewer. The â€Å"flavor of the response is often lost in structured questionnaires as respondents always try to keep their answers standard and easy to analyze(Walonick,1993). This advantages can be partially overcome by allowing space for other comments,.Another drawback of questionnaires is that they often results in low response rates (Robinson, 1952). Low rate of response is biggest problem to statistical analysis because it can dramatically lower the confidence of results and the credits of the research itself. However, response rates change widely among different questionnaires. A well-designed study can probably produce high response rates. Another problem is attributed to the credibility of the answer itself. When questionnaires are returned, it's assumed that the respondent is the same person you sent the questionnaire to.However, a number of researches have found that this may not actually be the case (Scott, 1961). It happen frequently those business questionnaires are passed to someone else for completion. For a variety of reasons, the respondent may not be who you think it is. For instance, housewives sometimes respond for their husbands. In a summary of five studies sponsored by the British Government, Scott (1961) reports that up to ten percent of the returned questionnaires had been completed by someone else other than the att empted person.To increase the response rate, the questionnaire of this research for this research have been designed to be simple and formatted. When distributing questionnaire, managers or employees are told about the purpose of this questionnaire and the way to post them back, in order to increase the response rate. 3. 2 Anonymity and Confidentiality Some studies have shown that response rate is affected by the anonymity/confidentiality policy of a study (Jones, 1979). Klein, Maher, and Dunnington (1967) reported that responses became more distorted when subjects felt threatened that their identities would become known.In this research, the name of the responses will be anonymous and confidential. Chapter 4 Research analysis 100 questionnaires have been distributed to 20 Subway stores throughout Birmingham. Within one month, 66 questionnaires have been returned. Within 66 respondents, 10 respondents are mangers, while 56 are crew members. 4. 1. The working lengths of employees in Subway Within 66 questionnaires, nearly half of the respondents have been working in Subway between 1 and 3 years. Others are either working less than one year or more than 3 years.Just a few people are working for more than 5 years Table 5. 1 Working lengths of employees in Subway 4. 2 Motivators of employees With all the motivational factors, money is still the determinable factor. The security of job and acknowledgement from managerial level are also influential to employee motivation. Aside the choices provided by questionnaires, there are some other elements mentioned. Relationship with colleagues and professional development are among those most popular. Table 5. 2 Motivators of Subway employees 4. 3 Motivation strategies used by Subway managerWithin seven common motivation strategies, positive reinforcement and effective discipline and punishment are used by all the managers. Treating people fairly, satisfying employees needs and setting work related goals are used by some of the managers. Restructuring job is used by few, while no one use base rewards on job performances as motivation strategy. Table 5. 3 Motivation strategies used by Subway manager 4. 4 Problems of motivation in Subway 35 respondents have indicated that they have considered leaving Subway. Hard work and low wage are main reasons.No professional development, bad relationship with colleagues and lack of job security are also influential. Table 5. 4 Problems of motivation in Subway Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendation 5. 1 Reemphasis on the importance of motivation From the questionnaire, we can see most of the employees in Subway have been working for less than 5 years. This has shown that the rate of turnover in Subway is really high and the stability of Subway team is challenged throughout the time. Therefore, the performance of company will be affected by this. This research reemphasizes the importance of motivation in low income workplaces.Money as a main motivator Many motivatio n theories have indicated that money is not the main motivator in workplaces, as employees may find the security of job or the self-realization are more appealing. However, this research has found in low income working places as Subway, money (wage) is still the most essential motivator. In low income workplaces, more working time (shifts) mean more money. Therefore, to motivate employees, managers have to understand the needs of employees and properly distribute shifts to different employees. Other motivational factorsAs emphasized by many motivation theories, the security of job still remains one of the most important elements of employ motivation. Another motivator is the acknowledgement from managerial level. Professional development and promotion are also focused by employees, which indicate that company should set different professional development plan for different employees, in order to enhance the levels of their motivation. Lack of various motivation ways from managerial level This research has shown that there is a lack of motivation methods from the managerial level of Subway.Apart from the seven motivation strategies provided by questionnaire, there is no any other answer mentioned by Subway managers. Positive reinforcement and effective discipline and punishment are chosen by all the managers. Some managers select treating people fairly, satisfying employees’ needs and setting work related goals. Just 2 managers choose restructuring jobs as a way of motivating employees, which shows that most of the Subway employees are doing the same job throughout the time. Manager may need to find more ways to restructure the jobs among employees to arouse their motivation.All in all, to motivate different employees, managers have to use different motivation strategies. Some psychological test may help managers to understand the different needs and instinct motivation of distinct employees. Main problems of motivation in Subway Half of the employees ar e thinking of leaving Subway, which means that there are still serious problems of motivation in Subway. Low wage is the most significant reason. Since most the crew member receive national minimum payment in Subway, the strategies of increase wages for employees who have been working for long time could help improve the situation.Apart from that, job difficulty is another reason for employees to leave. From this perspective, managers should talk to employees who have problems with their job. They could also change their job responsibilities to motivate them handle the problems met in workplaces. The worry of professional future is also another reason. As mentioned before, the professional development plan will help. Job security is mention here again. And relationship with colleagues could also affect employee motivation. Therefore, managers should pay attention to team coordination to avoid any negative effect on employee otivation. Summary This research has shown that in differen t workplaces, employees have different motivational factors. Upon different employee, his/her motivation will be different. Though in low income work places as Subway, money is still the main motivator, other factors can not be neglected as well. Meanwhile, there is a lack of various motivation strategies from managerial level; in another word, there is no enough attention on employees motivation in Subway, which could make the situation worse.The awareness of the importance of motivation has to come from the upper level, and then the strategies can be implemented to make things really work out. Bibliography Atkinson, J. W. 1964. Introduction to Motivation. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. Barath, A. , and C. Cannell. 1976. â€Å"Effect of Interviewer's Voice Intonation. † Public Opinion Quarterly 40:370-373. Campbell, J. P. , & Pritchard, R. D. 1976. Motivation Theory in Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed. ), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: 63–130.Chicago: Rand McNally. Deutcher, I. 1956. â€Å"Physicians' Reaction to a Mailed Questionnaire: A Study in ‘Resistantialism'. † Public Opinion Quarterly 20:599-604. Goldthorpe, J. H. , Lockwood, D. , Bechhofer, F. and Platt, J. 1968. The Affluent Worker: Attitudes and Behavior . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Herzberg, Frederick . 1959. The Motivation to Work, New York: John Wiley and Sons Jahoda, M. , M. Deutsch, and S. Cook. 1962. Research Methods in Social Relations. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Jones, W. 1979. 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Human Side of Enterprise: McGraw Hill Higher Education Robbins, Stephen P. ; Judge, Timothy A. 2007. Essentials of Organizational Behavior (9 ed. ), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Robinson, R. 952. â€Å"How to boost returns from mail surveys. † Printer's Ink. 239:35-37. Scott, C. 1961. â€Å"Research on mail surveys. † Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 124:143-205. Seitz, R. 1944.  "How mail surveys may be made to pay. † Printer's Ink 209:17-19. Seligman, Martin E. P. 1990. Learned Optimism, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. , p. 101 www. subway. co. uk Taylor, F. 1911. Scientific Management. New York: Harper Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and Motivation. New York: Wiley. Walonick, D. 1993. StatPac Gold IV: Survey & Marketing Research Edition. Minneapolis, MN: StatPac Inc.

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To avoid interest pe nalties,it should pay attention to that payment of tax should made by the due date,interest is payable on overpayment's of tax.By paying the amount in full,taxpayer can avoid interest penalties. Once she success,she can get the overpayment back. The interest on the overpayment will also return. By this way ,HUMOR show their sincerity apologize,to show their principle of equality and humanity. Most appeals are settled by agreement with HUMOR, This can improve the efficiency of handling cases. The precondition of settlement is taxpayer can tell his condition including Jobless,income sources reduced and personal accidents. The decision can be amended,tax payment amount,tax payment date and whether to pay the fine. He HUMOR will confirm the agreement base on both sides in writing and Release documents. He taxpayer also has right to Challenge some clauses in official documents. It shows the transparency of tax payment system. If she accept the agreement. 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He taxpayer should give discretion to the new officer in writing to let him review the decision. Hem Courts Tribunals service was created on 1 April. It aims to ensure that All the different needs of citizens can get a fair treatment . It deal with about 800000 tribunal cases every year. The tribunal is independent of HUMOR and is part of HEM courts and tribunals service. The non- taxpayer can use the notice of appeal form to appeal. It divides into First-tier Tribunals and Upper Tribunal. First tier tribunal belongs to court system. Of KICK,let is administered by Majesty Courts and Tribunals service.If the taxpayer's complaint ease denied by first-tier tribunals can appeal to upper tribunal,but it shout admit by first tribunal. Finally,it also methods before failed, she could ask the court of apparel for help. Cases If all of her income is lower than personal allowance, ashcan complete Thebes table and apply for HUMOR at the end of the year. ,or go to a bank to claim the deduction of tax. If she is not a taxpayer, she can put the money in the building soc iety. But she need to fill out ROR. Form need to contain the personal income, marital status, your spouse's income situation, length of tax-free time. Cause of her income tax is high sprayer, so he is eligible to apply for bank interest rates, If he didn't feel satisfied, can apply for a bank refund. He need to fill in ROR Tax Repayment Form to the bank for his deduction of interest at the end of the year. It must be in-time, Overdue don't wait. If you don't pay taxes, then there is no eligible for capital gains tax . Elf you want to get back the capital gains tax, HUMOR must investigate the people, the income of last year,list the other earning sources apart from income.The following may not be as a stumbling block to block access to high tax rebate. Such as basic or old-age ensign , Industrial Death Benefit and Widowed Parent's Allowance.. Case 3 On submission of the relevant information to the Inland Revenue,that taxpayer is given a tax code. Taxes code =(various allowance+on the Job training expenses)- additional income. The tax code is then formed by dropping the final digit from this sum. The letter after the number show the attribution of the tax code. Different letter show different area of the money.For example,LULL on behalf of E 8100 allowance. TO: this weeks or month's allowance used out. Personal allowance used out or the taxpayer has pay the tax before getting income. . The features of ordinary share & preference shares. 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POP-94 The following methods are available to a company that seeks its shares to be listed on the ELSE for the first time(a new issue) Public offer:include offer for sale&offer for subscription Public offers: 1 . Issue cost is invasive, offering to the public, purchaser including institutional investors and private investors. 2. Because it is offering to the public, Have sufficient opportunity to raise capital.Usually public offering is suitable for those company who need to raise large amount o capital. There are a lot of companies thr ough the capital market through PIP (initial public offering) complete the financing behavior.. Public issue including offer for subscription and offer for sale. Offer for subscription Is a form of public issue directly, the issue company need more professional ability n issue and put a lot of time and material costs, general enterprise does not have the capacity to complete. Offer for sale Is a public and indirect methods of issue..Arrange issuance by underwriters for the issuing company, Most companies do not have their own ability to issue shares, so more companies will choose offer for sale.. Potential investors can use the stock issuance of company in the newspaper public subscription method stated in the prospectus to issue stocks to subscribe the company plans to develop. Fixed price offer. The sponsor has identified the stock issue price Before a public stock offering . If it is oversubscribed , subscribe issued more than quantity,then make allocation on a prorate basis.If i t is underspecified u, subscription number less than issuing number.. Institutional investors often underwriters subscribe remainder and way for the time to market sales in the future.. During offer for subscription, if the stock can't be investors fully subscribed, The offering will be aborted. Tender offer Investors declare their purchase price, the sponsor determine a tricking price according to Investors ‘offer. II investors eventually according to the tricking price bestride the offering of shares.Placing On the issuing way of placing,most stock is north offered to public, But to the particular customer or a specific directional issue stock investors. Toby the issuer or the agent. Placing Is suitable for target specific investors,the cost of this method is lower than offer for subscription and offer for sale,and suitable for the company which the total value of the offer is low. Introduction This method is not involved in the issue of new shares, Just will have issued sha res introduced to be formally listed.Introduction only applies to the stock has been ideal distributed, Thus getting broader Thus getting broader after complete circulation after complete circulation, For example, domestic company stocks listed abroad Introduction do not apply to the company to raise capital in a short time Cause cancans:immediate causes. The directly cause of the damage. Example:the company equipment was damaged by the water,the cause cancans could be the water. Susan equations:underlying reasons. An intervening cause but not directly, Indirect cause loss. Example:a mobile phone may be broken due to the hitting,the poor quality may also e the cause.Subrogation-rights transfer-subrogation is the principle that occurred when the subject-matter policyholder caused by a third party liability after the insurance company pay to policyholder, ,the company shall have the right to recover claim amounts paid to a policyholder from a negligent third party. Example:the damage off child in school due to the negligent of the school The meaning of the principle of utmost good faith is to point to: insurance contract party conclude insurance contract, and in the period of validity of the contract, shall e provided to each other the all information which may influence the contract. T the same time definitely abide by the provisions of the contract and commitment. Otherwise ,the damaged party ,can refuse to perform the contract or ask compensation for the other party. Example: When the policyholder ask for a car insurance,the insurance company must check the car condition ,and take photo,the policyholder must give all information of the car including accident record. Particular risk is risk due to personal behavior. Example: Robbery,fighting or dangerous sport.

DEsigning a Psychology experiment , 1000 word maximum report Essay

DEsigning a Psychology experiment , 1000 word maximum report consisting of an hypothesis and a method section - Essay Example 3. METHODOLOGY This project requires cause and effect hypothesis testing and therefore the design chosen is an experimental design (Srinagesh, 2006), with a quantitative research methodology. 3.1 Participants (Sample) The sample for this research will consist of two groups of college students. The sample will be drawn from among college students. The sample will consist of 40 college students in all. Twenty of these will be those whose parents have been divorced while twenty will be those whose parents are both alive and living together. In order to control the variable of gender, each group of participants will be composed of ten males and ten females. The students will be approached along with a briefing letter about the experiment and they will be asked to sign an informed consent form if they are willing to participate in the research. 3.2 Variables The independent variable in this study will be the divorced or not divorced status of the participants’ parents while the dep endent variable will be the scores obtained on the questionnaire titled: ‘Student readiness Inventory’ (ACT, 2011). 3.3 Research Design and Method This experiment involves hypothesis testing and is based on quantitative methods. ... oups, one will consist of children whose parents have been divorced and the other will consist of children whose parents are living together, therefore, an independent groups design fits the aim of the study. This design will also remove the threats to validity due to order effects (Brian, 2002). This methodology was chosen because the nature of the study is experimental rather than exploratory. Hypothesis was devised after some quick review of literature and theory. It is expected that the null hypothesis will be rejected. 3.4 Research tool/ Instrument After reviewing a considerable number of studies that attempted to focus the effects of divorce on academic achievement, it was decided that questionnaire be used as research tool (Anderson & Taylor, 2008). The ‘Student readiness Inventory’ was selected to be used as a research tool. Student Readiness Inventory is a questionnaire that was developed by a non-profit organization called ‘ACT’, in order to identi fy the at-risk students in the field of academics. The rationale for selecting this inventory is twofold: first, if Grade Point Average would have been used to gauge academic success, it would not have taken into account the psychosocial factors that affect academic performance in children of divorced couples. Secondly, the Student readiness inventory was preferred over Grade point average because different individuals’ parents got divorced in different years. Tracking down the Grade Point Average of the students in the year following the divorce would have been a challenging task. Therefore, it was decided to run the Student readiness inventory, which is a short inventory and is very easy to score. 3.5 Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used to analyze the data. According to Kazmier (2004),

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why Selfies Do More Harm Than Good - Essay Example Lincoln`s Lost Speech. This is an important artifact which is followed only or mostly by Americans. This speech was addressed by Abraham Lincoln in a small building in Bloomington. This speech holds immense importance in the history of America as it laid the foundation of modern America. Not only that, but it established the Republication Party. In modern day, only traces of the speech are known. What this artifact explains is that some artifacts fail to travel to other countries due to a lack of interest. People from other countries will not feel patriotic towards this artifact as they serve and live in another country. Artifacts are a way of creating bridges between two countries. People of different countries follow and enjoy a mutual thing. In this way, the connection is made. People get to express their thoughts across the people of the other country. (Selfiesatfunerals.tumblr.com) Selfies. The major artifact of today. This trend gained popularity in many countries. Not only tee nagers and kids, but adults also enjoy taking `selfies.` Selfies have been the headlines of many news channels. Like any other item, selfies also have certain pros and cons. Yes, they prove to be fun, but they are also met with criticism. A collection of memories is what a lot of people treasure. But in the process of collecting memories, do we fail to be a part of them? This is the question which has been pondered over. Selfies also create privacy risks. By posting them on our social media accounts we are not the only ones who own it.

Cruse Ship Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cruse Ship Managment - Assignment Example A good cruise itinerary must outline the effects of all internal factors at play. These factors are within the control of the management and can be tactfully addressed. Some of these factors as pointed out by Kaulbars (2008) include relations to the prospective host communities and authorities, budget estimations, and overall basics of a journey. Logistics is another internal factor that ought to be taken care of. Here, aspects such as exchange of crew and supply arrangements are looked into. Another factor is the characteristic of the vessel, with key concern to vessels’ capability, amenities, and adaptability to diverse port destinations. Some of these external factors as espoused by Kaulbars include infrastructure and superstructure of the port of call, with finer details to evaluate being the facilities available, bunker services and costs, as well as accommodation facilities (Sun, Gauri & Webster, 2011). Other factors include customer preferences, sea conditions such as winds and tides, as well as weather conditions both at sea and at inland destinations that may have adverse effects on the comfort of passengers. Cruise ships have also been made more comfortable by offering services that are similar to those offered in inland holiday inns. Amenities such as swimming pool, a shopping place where the customers can make light purchases, etc. have been included to make the voyages more exciting. Certainly, these amenities help create a pleasurable environment that provide greater experience to the tourists. A good cruise ship itinerary must also take into concern factors that motivate the customers. These factors can be evaluated based on costs, facilities available within the ship, duration of stay at particular ports during stopovers, among others. Greenwood and Barron observe that most passengers prefer the preservation of individuality, a factor that has been successfully overcome by offering sightseeing tours to

Master of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business Personal Statement

Master of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business - Personal Statement Example I have a desire to make educational and professional progress in the field of business management because of my huge interest in this field. I also want to take part in the economic progress and development and of my country. I have a belief that a country can progress only if its citizens get high quality education from the most prestigious universities of the world. Through the research, I have come to know that the name of university would be the most suitable university, which can help me fulfill my aim to get a high quality master’s degree in the field of business. I am seeking a career in some field related to statistical business analysis, and that can be possible if I get the opportunity to study under the supervision of highly qualified faculty of this university. I believe that my relevant educational background and interest in business management make me a suitable candidate for getting admission in the name of university. I am sending this statement of purpose to get admission in the Master’s of Arts in Quantitative Analysis for Business program. I would be grateful if the authorities accept my application and let me pursue my academic goals from this great university. I am looking forward to hear from you

The Financial Status Of The Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Financial Status Of The Firm - Essay Example If a company enters in a factoring of receivables it must realize that the discount given to the buyer at the time of the sales constitutes the cost or interest rate being charged on the sale of the account receivables. If the customer defaults on the payment of the account receivable the company that loses are the buyer in the factoring agreement. There is a correlation between sales, cash, and account receivables. All sales end up being either cash or credit sales. A credit sale creates an account receivable for the company. The industry standard is that account receivables should convert to cash within 30 days. If it takes longer to collect the account receivable the cash flow of the company position of the company could be affected. Company A has to revise its credit sales policy. Delinquency in collecting account receivables could be one of the reasons the company is facing cash flow problems. The firm should either discontinue credit sales or change the credit policy to 15 days credit. The management team of the firm does not want to incur more debt. This eliminates the solution of issuing bonds which constitutes a long-term debt. I highly recommend the company apply for a credit line. A credit line does not constitute any debt if it is not used. This solution would provide the company with instant purchasing power in case the company reaches the cero cash point. It is important to remember that cero cash means that the company becomes insolvent and would have to shut down its operations.

Legal Diligence Checklist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Diligence Checklist - Essay Example Has Joe’s company made adequate provision for removal of debris and other objects from lawns before starting work? The answer to that is yes. This is important because it will demonstrate from a legal point of view that Joe’s company has exercised due diligence in ensuring that the workers are acquainted with safety procedures and know to operate in a safe manner. Therefore, it will negate any charges of reckless endangerment caused by the employer and allegations of disregard for employee safety or non compliance with Government regulations on worker safety and training. In addition to training, Joe’s Company also has provision for appropriate protective gear for the workers in order to ensure their safety at the workplace. 4. Does the employer have an accident investigating and reporting system in place? This ensures that a written record is maintained of all the potentially dangerous accidents that have endangered workers[www.ccohs.ca, n.d.] The answer to that question is a no. This could prove to be a legal liability in the event of a lawsuit for reckless endangerment. 5. Have any arrangements been made by the employer to monitor the workplace? This is important, so that legal allegations made later can be redressed through hard evidence from film. The answer to that is yes, since he has installed motion lights and cameras to monitor workplace activity. 6. Does Joe’s Company have any written documentation of action that was taken against employees violating safety procedures and rules? This is important from a legal standpoint, because it helps to protect against legal liability for worker injury. If a worker has erred and been corrected but repeats the risky action, the employer will not be liable. But the answer to this question is

Dissertation topic and proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topic and proposal - Dissertation Example The highly accepted classification of SMEs in UK and EU attributes to â€Å"the number of employees or annual turnover, with small enterprises constituting of less than 50 employees and medium size enterprise at more than 50 and less than 249 employees† (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-7, 2010). The nature of ownership in SMEs is either the individual entrepreneur or the family investments, which later on is inducted by directors on behalf of the majority shareholders. The SMEs sector in UK has jumped to an enormous boom in the last couple of years by increasing the net to 400,000 firms every year and even the micro businesses or self-employment has contributed a significant turnover for over ? 200 billion to the economy even in the severe economic turmoil of recession on inflation (Amble, pp. 20-29, 2004). The small and medium sized business has emerged as a powerful source in contributing to net revenue of the economy by intervening for almost 13 % i n financial and business intermediation, such as real estate and business operations. In addition, by contribution in 12% to agricultural and fishing business, wholesales and retails at 21% indicating to largest contribution to the private sector turnover (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-6, 2010). The role of SMEs enterprises has played a significant part in the economic and social growth followed by the industrialization, income, and employment generation to the economy (OECD Conference for SMEs, pp. 1-3, 2004). Research Aim: The important element of enterprises is to induct the easy or smooth availability of the capital for their start up or growing business. The imperfect capital market and the economic turmoil have created barriers for insufficient external funding to the SMEs that has forced the government intervention in equity and debt market to provide funds and loans to their ventures (Graham, pp. 56-64, 2004). The main aim of the dissertation of th e proposal is to ‘Highlight and analyze the significance of the financing intervention within the small and medium sized enterprises and their attributes’. It also aims to analyze the following in order to bridge the gap between the finance providers and the small business. 1. Close analyses of the SMEs and their access to external finance. 2. The financial growth and government intervention in SMEs 3. The needs and supply capabilities between SMEs and financial intermediaries. Research Objectives: The objective of the dissertation includes the detail literature review and problems faced by SMEs deployment of financial funds. The purpose of this research is to recognize the factors influencing the financial decision making of SMEs and any other alternative option for funds. The study will also focus on critical factors discussed as below (Competition Commission, pp. 1-3, 2002): 1. Identify the policies and regulations for the provision of funds by the bank 2. Identify t he various sources of finance available to the SMEs and their significance. 3. Identify and deployment of options which are used to improve the burden of cost and accountability of revenue and profits for SMEs. Research Questions: Following are the questions that highlight the main reasons for the research dissertation: 1. What are the factors that are affecting the SMEs financial market and access

Office of Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Office of Human Resources Essay I am writing in response to your opening of an Administrative Support Assistant at the Northampton Campus. My professional experience with administrative duties and customer service would make me a good candidate for this position I am capable of handling a variety of services and functions; from proficient knowledge of Word, Excel and Power Point to problem solving and customer service resolutions. In me, you will discover a reliable, detail oriented and hardworking professional associate. I’d like the opportunity to tell you more about my work experience and how my skill set could contribute to the successful day-to-day running of your operation.

Step by step design of a lock

Step by step design of a lock Introduction This paper outlines the step by step design of a lock in amplifier based micro-ohmmeter. This is very useful in measuring small resistances without applying large currents. And find its usefulness in tracing short circuits on printed boards containing sensitive components. The Audio Micro Ohm Meter uses synchronous detection to measure low value resistances. The circuit provides a variable frequency audio tone to indicate the resistance under test. Such a tone is invaluable when troubleshooting shorted tracks on multi-layer circuit boards because it is easier and quicker to observe 1. The source generates a 1KHz, 250mV peak square wave carrier signal that is injected into the unknown resistance, the resulting voltage across the resistor is amplified by the instrumentation amplifier. The phase reversing switch then rectifies the complementary square wave input, the rectified output is not all smooth so a low pass filter is needed. A Voltage controlled is then used to measure and indicate low value resistances such as track resistances on printed circuit boards. To provide a convenient indication, we want a ‘display that has high resolution (like a digital display) but is easy to read (like analogue meter) and that preferably doesnt even need to be looked at, so we can concentrate on the probes. To trace short circuits, the one thing we dont really need is high accuracy, since we are generally moving the probes 1. A muting detector then comes in to compare the control voltage with reference voltage. The Proteus ISIS software is used for the simulation of the circuit while a printed circuit board was used for the verification of the circuit. Resistor selection, analysis of waveforms , sensitivity and linearity of the device to supply voltage and possible improvements of the device were discussed. Excitation Oscillator One of the most useful ICs ever made is the 8-pin 555 timer and it is used in many projects. It can be used to build many circuits by just adding a few external components. NE555 is a popular version and it is suitable in most cases where a 555 timer is specified. Some low power types of the 555 are made, for instance the ICM7555, but can only be used when specified (to increase battery life) because their maximum output current of about 20mA (with a 9V supply) is too low for many standard 555 circuits. The ICM7555 has the same pin arrangement as a standard 555. The circuit symbol for a 555 is a box with the pins arranged to suit the circuit diagram: for example 555 pin 8 at the top for the +Vs supply, 555 pin 3 output on the right. Usually just the pin numbers are used and they are not labeled with their function. Standard 555 ICs create a significant glitch on the supply when their output changes state. This is not a problem in small circuits with no other ICs, but in a complex circuit a smoothing capacitor can be connected across the +Vs and 0V supply near the 555 . The 555 timer operates in different modes. The astable mode suits our design criteria. An astable circuit produces a square wave, this is a digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V) and high (+5Vs). It is possible that the durations of the low and high states may be different. The circuit is called an astable because it is not stable in any state: the output is continually changing between low and high. Our circuit needs a square waveform output of 4KHz, for this to be obtained an appropriate resistor value can be estimated by calculation to obtain the needed signal to drive the circuit Duty cycle The duty cycle of an astable circuit is the proportion of the complete cycle for which the output is high (the mark time). It is usually given as a percentage. The duty cycle of our circuit can be determined using Time period. The timeperiod (T) of the square wave is the time for one complete cycle, but it is usually better to consider frequency (f) which is the number of cycles per second 2. The time period can be split into two parts: T = Tm + Ts 5 Mark time (output high): Tm = 0.7 Ãâ€" (R1 + R2) Ãâ€" C1 Space time (output low): Ts = 0.7 Ãâ€" R2 Ãâ€" C1 we can determine our R2 using C3= 10nF, R1=1k and f= 4kHz we calculate our R2 as Tm = 0.7 X (1K + 33K) X 10 X 10^-9 = 238 ÃŽ ¼s While Space-time represents low output, Ts= 0.7 Ãâ€" R2 Ãâ€" C1 Ts = 0.7 X (1K) X 10 X 10^-9 = 0.7 ÃŽ ¼s T = Tm + Ts = 238 + 0.7 = 238.7 ÃŽ ¼s Duty cycle = = 99.7% The Quadrature Divider A quadrature divider, comprises a plurality of flip-flops, it includes at least two flip-flop, the flip-flops are interoperably coupled in series to produce a set dividing ratio 7. Each of the flip-flops includes two differential inputs I, two differential outputs O, and two differential clock inputs C, the outputs O, of one flip-flop is connected to the inputs I, of the next flip-flop, the outputs O, of the last flip-flop is connected inversely to the inputs I, of the first flip-flop, the flip-flops are clocked at their clock inputs C with differential clock signals in a consecutive manner which, for each flip-flop, are individually selected from quadrature clock input signals, 0, 90, 180, and 270, the quadrature divider is an even number divide-by-n circuit comprising a number of 2n flip-flops and providing a number of 4n output signals having 4n equidistant phases. 9 In our case the quadrature divider receives the square waveform signal from excitation oscillator as its clock signal . Figure 4 and 5 of the appendix show the pictorial representation of the quadrature divider as obtained from the circuit simulation and the oscilloscope graphic display. There are four output signals from the quadrature divider and they each have amplitude of about 5V but frequency of 1 KHz. This shows that the quadrature divider effectively divides the clock frequency into four amongst the equidistant phases. Attenuator An attenuator is a circuit that allows a known source of power to be reduced by a known factor usually expressed in decibels. The main advantage of an attenuator is that it is made from non-inductive resistors and therefore able to change a source or load, which might be reactive, into a resistive one that is know. The power reduction is achieved by the attenuator without introducing distortion. The attenuator used in our circuit is a pi type It is used to attenuate the 0 and 180 degrees antiphase 5V signal form the quadrature divider to 250mV at 1KHz. In order to get this value we need to select R5 in this attenuator circuit. Using Thevenins theorem. RTH = R5// (R3 + R4) where RTH = 100 ohms, R3 = 1K1ohms and R4 = 1K1 ohms. R5 = = 104.76 ohms. The best resistor to this to this value is a110 ohms resistor. So R5 = 110 ohms. figure 6 of the Appendix shows the graphical output of the attenuator with amplitude of about 250mV and frequency of 1 KHz. The attenuators gain in decibels is obtained by finding the ratio of the voltage corresponding to a known factor. Using the formula: , where R1 = 1100 ohms and the Z = 100, K = = 1.2 The value of attenuation, A in dB is obtained using K = 10 (A / 20) 1.2 = 10 (A / 20) A = 20 log 1.2 = 1.584 dB Instrumentation Amplifier An instrumentation amplifier is a variation of differential amplifier with input buffers that eliminates the need for input impedance matching making the amplifier suitable for use in measurement 5. It is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with the pleasure of gain adjustment through the adjustment of a single resistor. Instrumentation amplifier has very low DC offset, low drift, low noise, very high open-loop gain, very high common-mode rejection ratio, and very high input impedances. The instrumentation amplifier used in this circuit affected its accuracy and stability. The attenuated signal is applied across a resistor with very small resistance. The voltage drop across the resistor is small and needs to be amplified. The instrumentation amplifier does this, it composes of three op-amps arranged so that there is one op-amp to buffer each input signal and one to produce the desired output with adequate impedance matching for the function.3 The gain of the instrumentation amplifier circuit used for this micro-ohmmeter design is known to be 60 dB. Using the formula below then, Av =where AV = 60 dB, R = 10 k, 60 =, R9 = = 338.98 ÃŽ © The best resistor to this value is 340 ÃŽ © and it controls the gain of the instrumentation amplifier. The negative feedback of U3:A makes the voltage at pin 2 of U3:A to be equal to Voltage across R8. while, the voltage at pin 6 of U3:B is held to a value equal to Voltage across R14. This establishes a voltage drop across R9 equivalent to the voltage difference between V1 and V2 and subsequently a current through R9 and since no current is drawn by the feedback loops of the two input op-amps , the same amount of current through R9 must be going through R10 and R12 resistors above and below it. This produces a voltage drop between points A and B equal to V The ordinary differential amplifier part of the circuit then amplifies this voltage drop by a gain of 1. The post- differential amplifier circuit, with gain = R19 / R15 and differential input resistance = 2*R15. The two amplifiers on the left are the buffers. With R9 = Rgain removed (open circuited), they are simple unity gain buffers; the circuit will work in that state, with gain simply equal to R19 / R15 and high input impedance because of the buffers. The buffer gain is increased by putting resistors between the buffer inverting inputs and ground to shunt away some of the negative feedback; however, the single resistor Rgain between the two inverting inputs is a much more elegant method: it increases the differential-mode gain of the buffer pair while leaving the common-mode gain equal to 1. This increases the common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the circuit and enables the buffers to handle much larger common-mode signals without clipping than would be the case if they were sep arate and had the same gain. Another benefit of the method is that it boosts the gain using a single resistor rather than a pair, thus avoiding a resistor-matching problem. The ideal common-mode gain of an instrumentation amplifier is zero. The common-mode gain of the instrumentation amplifier used in this design is near zero because of the equally numbered resistors and by the matched common-mode gains of the two buffer op-amps of the instrumentation amplifier. To obtain a closely matched resistors is difficult, as is optimizing the common mode performance of the input op-amps. All resistors are of equal value for this instrumentation amplifier except for R9. This method has the advantage of possessing extremely high input impedances on the input voltage across R=39 because they connect straight into the non-inverting inputs of their respective op-amps and adjustable gain that can be set by a single resistor. The lowest gain possible is obtained from the above circuit with R9 completely open (infinite resistance), and that gain value is 1. The output of the instrumentation amplifier is an anti-phase square wave signal from the that connects to the phase shift detector for further modification. Lock-In Amplifier A lock-inamplifier otherwise known as a phase-sensitive detector is a type of amplifier that can extract a signal with a known carrier wave from extremely noisy environment. It is a homodyne with a very low pass filter making it very narrow band. Lock-in amplifiers utilizes mixing, via a frequency mixer, to convert the signals amplitude and phase to a DC—in fact a time-varying low-frequency—voltage signal. It is often used to measure phase shift, even when the signals are of a high value and of high signal-to-noise ratio, and do not need any other improvement.To obtain signal at low signal-to-noise ratios, it is necessary that a strong, undiluted reference signal is made available at the same frequency as the signal to be measured. Phase Difference Two oscillators that have the same frequency and different phases that is, a phase difference, the oscillators are said to be out of phase with each other. The amount by which such oscillators are out of step with each other can be expressed in radians from 0 to 2Ï€ or in degrees from 0 ° to 360 °, If the phase difference is 180 degrees (Ï€ radians), then the two oscillators are said to be in antiphase. If two interacting waves meet at a point where they are in antiphase, then destructive interference will occur. It is common for waves of electromagnetic (light, RF), acoustic (sound) or other energy to become superposed in their transmission medium. When that happens, the phase difference determines whether they reinforce or weaken each other. Complete cancellation is possible for waves with equal amplitudes. Phase compensation This is the correction of phase error (i.e., the difference between the actually needed phase and the obtained phase). To obtain stability in an operational amplifier a phase compensation is required. To keep a phase margin in the phase compensation a capacitor/RC network is usually used . A phase compensator works by subtracting out an amount of phase shift from a signal which is equal to the amount of phase shift added by switching some additional amplifier stages into the amplification signal path. Low-Pass Filter A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. An ideal low-pass filter completely eliminates all frequencies above the cutoff frequency while passing those below unchanged: its frequency response is a rectangular function, and is a brick-wall filter 8. If we need to get rid of an interfering signal in order to get a lot of attenuation, several RC filters can be cascaded. Unfortunately, the impedance of one RC section affects the next. What this means is that the transition between the pass and stop bands will not be sharp. A sharp transition helps reduce the interfering signal without causing degradation to the desired signals. In this case, the Sallen-Key active filter can do the job well. This circuit uses a 2-pole filter. Cascading a number of stages can give a steep attenuation transition with a very sharp knee. This cut-off frequency aids in selecting the R20 an d R22 resistor values to be used in the low pass filter design to average noise in the DC signal 6. The required Q for the butterworth filter = 1.414. The op-amp stage is a unity gain follower when R20 = R22. if C9 and C10 are equal, then the Q = 1.5858 for Butterworth response. Using convenient near values gain of 1.56 in the formula, R20 = R22 = Q / (4 ·Ãâ‚¬Ã‚ ·fo ·C9) where, fo = cut-off frequency = 4Hz, C9 = C10 = 0.1ÃŽ ¼F R20 = R20 = 310.31kÃŽ © The nearest standard resistor value to this calcualted resistor value is 330k Voltage Controlled Oscillator A voltage-controlled oscillator is an oscillator whose frequency is determined by a control voltage. As the control voltage causes the frequency to rise slowly until it hits a maximum and then falls back to the starting frequency. The first op-amp is an integrator(U7:A). A voltage divider puts the + input at half the control voltage. The op-amp attempts to keep its input at the same voltage, which requires a current flow across the 100k to ensure that its voltage drop is half the control voltage. When the MOSFET at the bottom is on, the current from the 200k goes through the MOSFET. Since the 100k resistor has the same voltage drop as the 100k but half the resistance, it must have twice as much current flowing through it. The additional current comes from the capacitor, charging it, so the first op-amp must provide a steadily rising output voltage to source this current. When the MOSFET at the bottom is off, the current from the 200k goes through the capacitor, discharging it, so a steadily falling output voltage is needed from the first op-amp. The result of the operation of this integrator circuit is a triangular waveform confirmed by figure 13 of the appendix. The capacitance of the capacitor in our circuit is determined thus: The second op-amp is a Schmitt trigger. It takes the triangle wave as input. When the input voltage rises above the threshold of 3.33 V, it outputs 5 V and the threshold voltage falls to 1.67 V. When the input voltage falls below that, the output goes to 0 V and the threshold moves back up. The output is a square wave. Its connected to the MOSFET, causing the integrator to raise or lower its output voltage as needed 4. Figure 14 shows the graphical representation of this circuit . The variation of the supply voltage from 3V to 9V while observing the output signal frequency obtains the sensitivity of the overall voltage- controlled oscillator circuit to supply voltage. From the test observation, the VCO produced no output signal at 3Vand beyond 6.2V. The below table shows the values obtained for the during the sensitivity test of the voltage-controlled oscillator. Using the power supply sensitivity formula Sensitivity Percentage change in frequency = Percentage change in power supply voltage = Between 5V to 6V, the percentage change in power supply voltage = = 20% While the percentage change in frequency is = 3.575% VCO sensitivity to this supply voltage variation = = 17.875 % Between 4V to 5V, the percentage change in power supply voltage = = 25% While the percentage change in frequency is = 12.21% VCO sensitivity to this supply voltage variation = = 48.84% The inference from the above calculation shows that the sensitivity of this lock-in amplifier based micro-ohmmeter to power supply voltage increases with reducing supply voltage. The tuning range of the VCO refers to the range of oscillation frequencies Two important parameters in VCO design are linearity and sweep range. Linearity correlates the change in frequency or the VCO output to the change in the control voltage. The sweep range is the range of possible frequencies produced by VCO control voltage. The linearity Muting Detector Circuit The filtered output from the phase sensitive detector is a control voltage which, with Zero input ( short circuited probes) is about Vg volts . It goes more positive with increasing signal level. With maximum input(open circuited probes) the voltage will saturate near the positive supply rail. This would result in a loud high pitched tone from the oscillator, which is not what we want. We want the it to be mute when the probes are disconnected and to do this another operational amplifier is brought in to compare the control voltage with a reference voltage. Whenever the control voltage goes higher than the reference, the output will go negative. This allows a small current to be drawn through D1 and R25, which will keep the oscillator transistor switched off, stopping oscillation. The output voltage of an AM synchronous detector is compared with a reference potential level by a voltage comparator. A muting device connected with the output of the detector is controlled by a control circuit connected with the comparator. Through this control circuit, the detector output is immediately muted when the detector output level falls below the reference potential level, and the muting of the detector output is removed after a predetermined retardation when the detector output level exceeds the reference potential level. References 1 Bateson, S. January 2010, Electronic Signal Conditioning Labs, Teesside University, Middlesbrough 2 Hewes, J, (17.02.2010), 555 Timer, http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/555timer.htm#astable 3 Instrumentation amplifier, (14.02.2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation_amplifier 4 Java, (19.01.2001), Voltage controlled oscillator, http://www.falstad.com/circuit/e-vco.html 13022010 5 Kuphaldt, T, (12.02.2010), Differentiator and Integrator Circuits, http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/10.html 6 Low pass filter, (14.02.2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter 7 Quadrature Divider, (17.02.2010), http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/7425850/claims.html 8 Sallen-key low-pass filter (13.02.2010), http://www.ecircuitcentezr.com/Circuits/opsalkey1/opsalkey1.htm 9 Widerin, P, (13.02.2010), Quadrature Divider, http://www.freshpatents.com/Quadrature-divider-dt20070111ptan20070009077.php

Aristotles Concept of Tragedy Applied to Hamlet Essay -- William Shak

Aristotle’s Concept of Tragedy Applied to Hamlet Aristotle’s concept of a well written tragedy is that it is â€Å"†¦an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude, in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play, the form of action, not of narrative, through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (McManus). According to Aristotle, the plot is the â€Å"soul† of the tragedy from which the other parts such as characters, diction, thought, spectacle, and melody stem (McManus). Shakespeare skillfully applies Aristotle’s concept of tragedy, to Hamlet in various ways, dramatizing what may happen or â€Å"what is possible according to the law of probability or necessity (McManus). † Aristotle explains that the plot may be simple, â€Å"having a change of fortune† (catastrophe), or a complex plot, having both â€Å"reversal of intention† (peripeteia) and â€Å"recognition† (anagnorisis) along with the catastrophe (McManus). It is Aristotle’s belief that the complex plot is better. Aristotle would deem the plot of Hamlet as complex because it includes both peripeteia and anagnorsis which are combined to create the cause and effect chain. Peripeteia, as explained by Aristotle, happens when a character produces the opposite effect of which he intended to produce. There are several examples of this: Hamlet mistaking Polonius as the king and thereby killing him, the poison on the sword which was intended for Hamlet kills Laertes, the poison placed in the goblet by the King which was intended for Hamlet, the Queen drinks and dies. These incidents are also termed as tragic irony. Aristotle explains that an anagnorisis â€Å"is a.. . ...ess, murder, and death, certainly meets Aristotle’s standard of â€Å"an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude†(McManus). The incidents of the suicide of Ophelia and the untimely deaths of Hamlet’s father, Hamlet’s mother, Polonius, Larertes, and Hamlet himself accomplish the katharsis of emotions, â€Å"arousing fear and pity† in accordance with Astritotle’s theory of tragedy (McManus). Whether or not, if Aristotle would agree, let us not forget the tragedy of the †¦noble heart† of â€Å"†¦sweet prince† Hamlet. Bibliography Outline of Aristotle’s Theory of Tragedy in the Poetics Barbara F. McManus November 1999. November 20, 2008. http://www.cnr.edu/home/bmcmanus/poetics.html Hamlet, William Shakespeare. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. Eds. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack, London: Norton 2002. 2829-2918

Allegory is a story that works on two levels. Essay -- English Literat

Allegory is a story that works on two levels. "Mature readers appreciate the powerful satire on communism gone wrong, while for younger readers it is a hilarious fable of the farmyard."-Animal Farm As explained in the quote above, Animal Farm is a story that works on two levels. One level is simple, and the other one is the more complex and sophisticated. I would like to explain these levels in this essay. But first, I would like to clearly explain what the word allegory means by giving some examples from well-known fables. One of the best examples is the Little Red Riding Hood. I imagine that most of the people in this world knows about this fable. This story is translated in to many languages, in many different countries in the world. Any ways, the point is that what characteristics of allegory does this story mention? Well, most of the characters in this story represent a particular type of a human personality. For example, the wolf in this story is not just a wolf. As you can see by reading this story, the wolf tries to eat the girl by disguising in to her grandmother. This is clearly explaining what kind of a personality this wolf is representing. He represents a criminal who could trick you and swindle you. The girl represents an innocent person, who can be tricked easily. But at the end it comes out to be that the girl was not just innocent. So, now you can see that the technique of allegory is used in many stories without even knowing. The simpler level of the Animal Farm, is a humorous fable with animals. "For younger readers it is a hilarious fable of the farmyard."-Animal Farm If you do not read this book carefully, this book is just a humorous fable with talking animals in it. When... ...It signifies how a country can easily corrupt under a tyrant leader. Without even the people knowing, a terrible leader can easily control the country. By reading this book, we can see that we should try to save our own country by our own hands. We should not depend on the government, and we should not 100percent believe what the media says. The citizen of the country needs to keep their eyes wide opened. You never know if the truth is being told. Did the Russian people know what was going on? Did they THINK they knew what was going on? We should never forget what happened to Russia by reading this book, Animal Farm. You never know when it will be for YOU to stand up and go against the tyrant leader. So, please do not forget about Animal Farm and the Russian revolution. Even though you think that this will not happen to you, it might happen You never know.

Bullying: Sociology and Socially Accepted Goals Essay

Many sociologists agree that there is no simple definition of the term deviance and proposed that deviance refers to the behaviours that violate social norms of a society. Downes and Rock, suggest that ‘deviance’ may be considered as banned or controlled behaviour which is likely to attract punishment or disapproval (1988, p. 28). Some Deviant behaviour that can be found in Schools: †¢ Bullying †¢ Fighting †¢ Graffiti †¢ Vandalism †¢ Gang Violence Theories of Deviance A number of theories related to deviance have emerged within the past 50 years (Clifford, 1960). Five of the most well-known theories on deviance are as follows: 1. Differential-association theory Control theory Labeling theory Anomie theory Strain theory 1. Differential-association theory Edwin Sutherland coined the phrase differential association to address the issue of how people learn deviance. According to this theory, the environment plays a major role in deciding which norms students learn to violate. People also learn their norms from various socializing agents—parents, teachers, ministers, family, friends, co-workers, and the media. In short, people learn criminal behaviour, like other behaviours, from their interactions with others, especially in intimate groups (Surtherland 1993). The differential-association theory applies to many types of deviant behaviour. For example, juvenile gangs provide an environment in which young people learn to become criminals. These gangs define themselves as countercultural and glorify violence, retaliation, and crime as means to achieving social status. Gang members learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to their gang’s norms. 2. Anomie Theory Anomie refers to the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or do not even exist (Merton, 1960). Robert Merton (1960) used the term anomie to describe the differences between socially accepted goals and the availability of means to achieve those goals. Merton stressed, that attaining wealth is a major goal of Americans, but not all Americans possess the means to do this, especially members of minority and disadvantaged groups. Anomie Theory & Deviance Those who find the â€Å"road to riches† closed to them experience anomie, because an obstacle has thwarted their pursuit of a socially approved goal. When this happens, these individuals may employ deviant behaviours to attain their goals and retaliate against society. [pic] Control Theory According to Walter Reckless’s control theory, both inner and outer controls work against deviant tendencies. People may want—at least some of the time—to act in deviant ways, but most do not. They have various restraints: inner and outer. Control Theory& Deviance Travis Hirschi noted that these inner and outer restraints form a person’s self-control, which prevents acting against social norms. The key to developing self-control is proper socialization, especially early in childhood. Fro example, Students who lack this self-control, then, may grow up to commit crimes and other deviant behaviours. Internal controls Outer controls: †¢ Consciencepolice †¢ Valuesfamily †¢ Integrityfriends †¢ Morality and religious authorities the desire to be a â€Å"good person. 3. Labelling Theory arose from the study of deviance in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. Labelling theory is concerned with the meanings people derive from one another’s labels, symbols, actions, and reactions. This theory holds that behaviours are deviant only when society labels them as deviant. A person becomes the thing they are described as being. Labelling Theory & Deviance Although, students from both groups committed crimes, the students from respectable families were perceived to be â€Å"good† because of their polite behaviour. Those from the other group are seen as â€Å"bad† because of their insolent behaviour (which was attributed to their lower-class backgrounds). 4. Strain Theory, Delinquency, and Street Gangs The Strain Theory attempts to explain how factors such as poverty, homelessness, lack of parenting and lack of opportunity are a major contributor to crime and the forming of delinquent subcultures such as gangs in schools. †¢ Delinquency is defined as failure to do what law or duty requires (Akers, Sellers, 2009). It is a behaviour that is often a result of poverty and inopportunity in a student’s life. †¢ Hence, students who cannot obtain what they need through conventional means will use unconventional means such as crime to obtain such necessities. In many cases students will find the unconventional means by joining a gang. 5. Sub-cultural Theory The Sub-cultural theory emerged from the work of the Chicago School on gangs and developed through the symbolic interactionism school into a set of theories arguing that certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence. †¢ Subcultural theories share the common belief that people who commit crime usually share different values from the mass of law-abiding members of society.For example, some groups of criminals might develop norms that encourage criminal behaviour.

Araby Essay

Irony in in the short story, â€Å"Araby,† is the comparison between the dream type of love the young boy feels for Mangan’s sister, and the reality of his own high expectations. Throughout the short story, I experienced a flashback to a particular external quote I had read previously, â€Å"Love is not what it seems, and just as reality has a way of dashing our dreams so too does the discovery of eyes blinded by love. † This is to reflect on how the young boy was blinded by love and that he was not aware till the end of the short story that his expectations of the show Araby was blinded by his love for Mangan’s sister. While reading the short story over and over, I happened to find symbolization towards how the dark and light are used to show how the narrator sees the world as a dark and lonely place the only light used in the story is used to describe magans sister, and in the end he learns how foolish that love was. This therefore, is making the light a symbol of his innocence and the dark the cruel reality of the world. Another aspect from the story, is how any individual could have easily inferred that, from the description of the boy’s housing situation and the small sum his uncle gave him, their financial situation was tight

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 7

The next evening I gazed contented at the sun setting over the harbor. Miss Molly hadnt exaggerated: The girls at her house were hospitable. For breakfast Id had one with long, corn-silk hair and bleary blue eyes. I could still taste her wine-laced blood on my lips. Damon and I had spent the day wandering the city, taking in the wrought-iron balconies in the French Quarter–and the girls who waved to us from their perches there–the fine tailor shops with bolts of sumptuous silk in the windows, and the heady cigar shops where men with round bellies struck business deals. But of all the sights, I liked the harbor best. This was the citys lifeblood, where tall ships carrying produce and exotic wares entered and exited. Cut off the harbor, you cut off the city, making it as vulnerable and helpless as Miss Mollys girl had been that morning. Damon gazed out at the boats as well, rubbing his chin thoughtfully. His lapis lazuli ring glinted in the fading sunlight. â€Å"I almost saved her.† â€Å"Who?† I asked, turning sharply, hope swelling in my chest. â€Å"Did you sneak off and feed from someone?† My brother kept his eyes on the horizon. â€Å"No, of course not. I meant Katherine.† Of course. I sighed. If anything, last night had made Damon more malcontent than ever. While Id enjoyed the company and the sweet blood of a girl whose name I would never know, Damon had retired to a room of his own, treating the establishment as if it were simply the boardinghouse it pretended to be. â€Å"You should have drunk,† I said for the hundredth time that day. â€Å"You should have taken your pick.† â€Å"Dont you understand, Stefan?† Damon asked flatly. â€Å"I dont want my pick. I want what I had–a world I understood, not one I can control.† â€Å"But why?† I asked, at a loss. The wind shifted, and the scent of iron, mixed with tobacco, talcum powder, and cotton, invaded my nostrils. â€Å"Feeding time already?† Damon asked wryly. â€Å"Havent you done enough damage?† â€Å"Who cares about one whore in a filthy brothel!† I yelled in frustration. I gestured out to the sea. â€Å"The world is filled with humans, and as soon as one dies, another appears. What does it matter if I relieve one wretched soul of its misery?† â€Å"Youre being careless, you know,† Damon grunted. His tongue darted out of his mouth to lick his dry, cracked lips. â€Å"To feed whenever you feel like it. Katherine never did that.† â€Å"Yes, well, Katherine died, didnt she?† I said, my voice much harsher than I meant it to be. â€Å"Shed have hated who youve become,† Damon said, sliding off the fence and standing next to me. The scent of iron was more pervasive now, curling around me like an embrace. â€Å"No, she would have hatedyou,† I retorted. â€Å"So scared of who you are, unable to go after what you want, wasting your Power.† I expected Damon to argue, to strike me even. But instead he shook his head, the tips of his retracted canines just visible between his partially open lips. â€Å"I hate myself. I wouldnt expect any different from her,† he said simply. I shook my head in disappointment. â€Å"What happened to you? You used to be so full of life, so ready for adventure. This is the best thing that has ever happened to us. Its a gift–one thatKatherinegave to you.† Across the street, an old man hobbled past, and then a moment later, a child on an errand rushed by in the opposite direction. â€Å"Pick one and feed! Pick something, anything. Anything is better than just sitting here, letting the world go by.† With that I stood, following the iron and tobacco scent, feeling my fangs pulse with the promise of a new meal. I grabbed Damon, who lagged a few paces behind me, until we found ourselves on a slanted lane out of range of the gaslights. What little light there was gathered onto a single point: a white-uniformed nurse, leaning against a brick building, smoking a cigarette. The woman looked up, her startled expression turning into a slow smile as she took in Damon. Typical. Even as a blood-starved vampire, Damon, with his shock of dark hair, long lashes, and broad shoulders, caused women to look twice. â€Å"Want a smoke?† she asked, blowing smoke into concentric circles that blended with the mist in the air. â€Å"No,† Damon said hastily. â€Å"Come on, brother.† I ignored him, stepping toward her. Her uniform was spattered with blood. I couldnt stop staring at it and the way the rich red contrasted to the stark white. No matter how often I had seen it since changing, blood continued to awe me with its beauty. â€Å"Having a bad night?† I asked, leaning next to her against the building. Damon grabbed my arm and started to pull me toward the lights of the hospital. â€Å"Brother, lets go.† Tension coiled in my body. â€Å"No!† It took a swat of my arm to toss him against the wall. The nurse dropped her cigarette. The ash sparked, then extinguished. I felt the bulge of my fangs behind my lips. It was just a matter of time now. Damon struggled to his feet, crouching low as if I was going to strike him again. â€Å"I wont watch this,† he said. â€Å"If you do this, I will never forgive you.† â€Å"I have to get back to my shift,† the nurse muttered, taking a step away from me, as if to run. I grabbed her arm and pulled her to me. She let out one short yelp before I covered her mouth with my hand. â€Å"No need to worry about that anymore,† I hissed, sinking my teeth into her neck. The liquid tasted like rotting leaves and antiseptic, as if the death and decay of the hospital had invaded her body. I spit the still warm liquid into the gutter and threw the nurse to the ground. Her face was twisted in a grimace of fear. Stupid girl. She should have sensed the danger and run while she still could. It hadnt even been a hunt. Worthless. She groaned, and I wrapped my fingers against her throat and squeezed until I heard the satisfying crack of bone breaking. Her head hung at an unnatural angle, blood still dripping from the wound. She wasnt making any noise now. I turned toward Damon, who stared at me, a horrified expression on his face. â€Å"Vampires kill. Its what we do, brother,† I said calmly, my gaze locking on Damons blue eyes. â€Å"Its whatyoudo,† he said, taking off the coat around his shoulders and throwing it over the nurse. â€Å"Not me. Never me.† Anger pulsed like a heart at the very core of my being. â€Å"Youre weak,† I growled. â€Å"Maybe so,† Damon said. â€Å"But Id rather be weak than a monster.† His voice grew strong. â€Å"I want no part in your killing spree. And if our paths ever cross again, I swear I will avenge all of your murders, brother.† Then he spun on his heel and ran at vampire speed down the alleyway, instantly disappearing into the swirling mist.

Fire Safety and Dorm Polocies

The Ann Arbor Fire Department responded to the call at about 10:40 p. M. , but by that time the fire had already been contained by the hall's sprinkler system, officials said. No one was injured† (Caller, 2008). Here we see a fire related incident which took place at a residence hall in Michigan. Something as simple as a small electric fan could lead to large, costly damage. This incident relates to me because I made the decision to have a candle in my dorm room.An unlit candle to most would seem extremely harmless; however, there are many ways that it could put the people around it in danger. One way that a candle could cause a large problem would be if someone were to light it and have the smoke be caught by the smoke detector. Even if the owner did not light the candle, a roommate or friend that comes in the room while the owner is gone could easily light it. Furthermore, when a candle is lit and then in turn burned out smoke is released into the air. The smoke detectors ins talled in dorm rooms instantly trigger a sprinkler system which floods the room with water when smoke or ire is detected.When a room is flooded with water it affects the surrounding rooms as well. Rooms nearby will most likely have water damage as well which will definitely create a lot of unhappy residents. Not only will residents have to suffer from water damage in their rooms but they will also have to deal with temporary relocation. Students will most likely have to be moved into another dorm hall till the damage can be fixed. Unfortunately, no clean-up crew can replace textbooks, precious pictures or sentiments that could have been damaged from the flood of water or the fire.This is why residence halls have such a strict policy with fire related objects. Another way that candles can be of serious harm to those who surround it is through neglect. Say a resident decided to light a candle and then left it burning while they went to take a shower; a gust of wind from a closing door could easily cause a piece of paper on a desk to blow near it and catch fire and in turn begin to create a much larger fire from that. This is a simple scenario that shows how a simple candle on a desk could lead to a much larger problem.Another case where a residence hall fire caused severe damage was the Poland Hall Fire. â€Å"The fire began around 4:30 AM on January 19 when most students were asleep. It spread rapidly across three couches in the third floor lounge and approached temperatures of up to 1500 degrees Fahrenheit (81 5 degrees Celsius) in less than five minutes. Though no accelerate was used, the fire burned hot enough to melt the synthetic carpet of the hall, causing severe injuries to many of the students attempting to escape the conflagration by crawling on the floor to reach the stairs.Most students on the third floor evacuated in the thick smoke using the staircases; a few Jumped over 40 feet (12 meters) to the ground. Three students died. Aaron Karol and Frank Calibrator died of thermal injuries, and John Giant died due to smoke inhalation. Fifty-eight students and firefighters were injured, four seriously enough to require lengthy hospital stays and rehabilitation† (Fisher, 2000). This case goes to show how intensely and quickly a fire can affect its surroundings.Not only was the building in which the fire was started destroyed but lives were also lost along with it. Hearing about the severe damage that a building and its residents can have from a small starting fire really make you second guess your decisions. Although having a simple unlit candle can seem like it would cause no harm, in reality it could result in lives lost, buildings destroyed and families of lost or injured loved ones extreme heartache. I would never want to impose those heart aching feelings on anyone.I now realize that my decision to own a candle in a dorm room was a terrible one. I have also learned that I need to think of all the possible outcomes of what could happen as a result of my decision making. This simple write up has changed my outlook on decision making for the better. To receive respect you must give respect which is why you need to think out your sections before you make them. I do not want my room flooded any more than the next person does so I should partake in fire conscious decisions if my other fellow residents are going to as well.Rules are set for a reason and as much as we like to break them they are there for our safety and to prevent anything tragic from happening from one stupid mistake. Along with the fire safety rule the rule about noise policy is Just as important. The actions we make affect everyone around us and choosing to be loud during stud actions we make affect everyone around us and choosing to be loud during study ours can definitely affect your surrounding residents in a negative way.They may be studying for a big exam that will determine whether or not they pass the class and the noise that someo ne is making could affect how well they retain the information they are studying. In all noise is not as large off problem as fire safety is, but it definitely something that can negatively affect its surrounding community. I have thought through my decisions of owning a candle and being too loud in the dorm room and I realize that they are both incidents that could have been avoided if I would have thought out my consequences.If I would have known about the several cases where fires have been started from something so simple as a candle or fan I would have never made the decision to purchase one. This has been a great learning lesson for me and I now know to think my actions out before I make them.