Letters to Birmingham Analysis - 1728 Words

Over the course of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (1963), the author, Martin Luther King Jr., makes extended allusions to multiple philosophers, among them Aquinas and Socrates. His comparison would seem to indicate that he shares an affinity with them. However, the clarity with which he makes his arguments and the dedication to a single premise strikes most strongly of Kant. Just as Kant’s magnum opus, Critique of Pure Reason, attempted to completely upend a previously accepted mode of thought, so also was King’s work devoted to a single objective: the protection of civil disobedience as a form of protest such that the Civil Rights Movement could continue in uncompromised form. Despite this singularity of purpose, the complexity of the†¦show more content†¦King says,â€Å"We should never forget that everything Adolf Hitler did in Germany was ‘legal’ and everything the Hungarian freedom fighters did in Hungary was ‘illegal.â€℠¢ It was ‘illegal’ to aid and comfort a Jew in Hitler’s Germany. Even so, I am sure that, had I lived in Germany at the time, I would have aided and comforted my Jewish brothers.† Here he establishes a powerful example of an unjust law (how it was illegal to aid a Jewish person in Germany during Hitler’s rule), and how he would have reacted to it (giving aid to his â€Å"Jewish brothers†). This tosses the ball back into the clergymen’s court – implying that they should think about what they would have done. It is assumed that as good Christians, they would have given aid to any person in need. He draws a correlation to the atrocities committed against the Jews to the atrocities committed against African Americans in America – though on a much smaller scale, the situations can be considered similar, with unjust laws bringing about violence and deaths. King forces the clergymen to think about the morally correct course of ac tion. Martin Luther King then justifies his fight for an â€Å"extremist† cause by providing specific examples of other historical â€Å"extremist† causes that actually brought about changes for the better. He says, â€Å"Was not Jesus an extremist for love†¦ was not Amos an extremist for justice.. was not Paul an extremist for theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1074 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King Jr. In 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. was serving a prison sentence in a jail in Birmingham, Alabama for nonviolently protesting through sit ins and marches.. It was during this time that King, outraged by the criticism of his methods of nonviolent direct action, wrote one of the most thoughtful arguments for civil disobedience and direct action against unjust and immoral laws. King’s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a poignant rebuttalRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesPonder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead MoreCritical Analysis: Letter from Birmingham Jail1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† In arguing, writers use different techniques to effectively convey their message to their intended audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen in which King’s presence in Birmingham and his methods of public demonstration were questioned. King’s letter was not only a response to his presence in Birmingham, but he also used the opportunity to address theRead MoreAnalysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail773 Words   |  4 Pagesperceptive to his message. Though King pierces the heart of his audience by pinpointing their patriotism and value of family relations, he also provides his targets of persuasion with a more comfortable and enticing appeal. Throughout King’s letter there are numerous alliterations, each serves the same purpose of augmenting his argument. King states â€Å"When you have seen hate-filled policemen curse, kick, and even kill your black brothers and sisters. The hard â€Å"c† or â€Å"k† sound reinforces theRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1542 Words   |  7 Pagesto defend yourself? In â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail,† Martin Luther King, Jr. addresses fellow ministers’ criticisms on his movement by eloquently expressing his views on the fight to end segregation in an incredibly organized manner. He calmly and directly shoots back a compelling argument to those who question his authority to lead protests on the subject. Overall, King uses exampl es and accurate representations of history to show the need for change. MLK Jr.’s letter embodies the rightful cryRead MoreLetter From Birmingham Jail Analysis1172 Words   |  5 Pageswrote too. This is displayed in professional fashion in the Letter From Birmingham Jail. Martin displayed a circus of statements in response to the Clergymen in the Letter From Birmingham Jail. He did this by analyzing their statements and responding with his own in an argumentative manner. He demonstrated this through persuasive statements, answering quotes from the community, and used a past leader as an example. Through this letter, Martin proved he could hold his ground in the line of fireRead MoreLetter from a Birmingham Jail Analysis1025 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A Letter from Birmingham Jail† by Martin Luther King Jr. was written in the margins of a letter posted by the clergymen of Alabama at this time that sparked his interest and while he inhabited the jail cell for paradin g around without a permit. This time allowed him the ability to respond wholeheartedly to this cynical oppressing. King’s letter addresses specific points presented in the Clergymen’s and this direct response distinguishes King’s strong points through his powerful writing.   UnethicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Letter From Birmingham 1148 Words   |  5 PagesBridgette Beach-Bankole September 21, 2017 AP Language Composition Homework #2 â€Å"But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their thus saith the Lord far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedomRead MoreAnalysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1197 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"A Letter From Birmingham Jail,† depicts the fight for equality by African Americans during the civil rights movement. In this letter, King uses tone, rhetorical questions, and allusions to discuss the racial segregation sweeping the nation. King’s letter is a response to â€Å"A Call For Unity,† a condemning message written by eight white clergymen who frowned upon the peaceful protests conducted by many African Americans. Although Dr. King i s presently seen as an American

Biological Effect of Radiation Free Essays

EFFECTS OF RADIATION Background Radiation is all around us. It is naturally present in our environment and has been since the birth of this planet. Consequently, life has evolved in an environment which has significant levels of ionizing radiation. We will write a custom essay sample on Biological Effect of Radiation or any similar topic only for you Order Now It comes from outer space (cosmic), the ground (terrestrial), and even from within our own bodies. It is present in the air we breathe, the food we eat, the water we drink, and in the construction materials used to build our homes. Certain foods such as bananas and brazil nuts naturally contain higher levels of radiation than other foods. Brick and stone homes have higher natural radiation levels than homes made of other building materials such as wood. Our nation’s Capitol, which is largely constructed of granite, contains higher levels of natural radiation than most homes. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | How does radiation have an impact on health? Too much radiation, like too much of anything, is harmful. We know about this harm from research and from accidents, and from the effects of the two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945. The effects can range from mild gastrointestinal problems (such as nausea and vomiting) to changes in the blood, to damage to the central nervous system. Too little radiation, likewise, is also harmful. The world’s flora and fauna, including human beings, have grown up in a radioactive environment. We know from research in which organisms have been shielded from everyday radiation that their growth is stunted. We also know it from comparing populations that receive different levels of radiation because of their location. Often, the populations receiving the most radiation are healthier and suffer fewer cancers. In between these extremes, it is usual to protect workers when they work in industries that use sources of radiation. Radioactive materials decay spontaneously to produce ionising radiation, which has the capacity to cause significant damage to the body’s internal chemistry, breaking the chemical bonds between the atoms and molecules that make up our tissues. Damage to the DNA of a cell is particularly important. The body responds by trying to repair this damage, but at high doses it is too severe or widespread to make repair possible, leading to short-term acute health effects. There is also a danger of mistakes in the natural DNA repair process, which can lead in the long-term to cancer. Regions of the body that are most vulnerable to acute radiation damage include the cells lining the intestine and stomach, and the blood-cell producing cells in the bone marrow. The extent of the damage caused is dependent on how long people are exposed to radiation, and at what level. These can include smaller head or brain size, poorly formed eyes, slow growth and severe learning difficulties. . | | COMMON RADIOISOTOPES AND THEIR USES Americium-241: Used in many smoke detectors for homes and businesses to measure levels of toxic lead in dried paint samples, to ensure uniform thickness in rolling processes like steel and paper production, and to help determine where oil wells should be drilled Cadmium-109: Used to analyze metal alloys for checking stock and sorting scrap Calcium-47: Aid to biomedical researchers studying the cell function and bone formation of mammals. Californium-252: Used to measure the mineral content of coal ash and to measure the moisture of materials stored in silos Carbon-14: Used in research to ensure that potential new drugs are metabolized without forming harmful by-products. Cesium-137: Used to treat cancers; to calibrate the equipment used to measure correct patient dosages of radioactive pharmaceuticals; to measure and control the liquid flow in oil pipelines; to tell researchers whether oil wells are plugged by sand; and to ensure the right fill level for packages of food, drugs and other products. The products in these packages do not become radioactive. ) Chromium-51: Used in research in red blood cell survival studies. Cobalt-57: Used in nuclear medicine to help physicians interpret diagnostic scans of patients’ organs, and to diagnose pernicious anemia. Cobalt-60: Used to sterilize surgical instruments; to improve the safety and reliability of industrial fuel oil burners; and to preserve poultry, fruits and spices. Copper-67: When injected with monoclonal antibodies into a cancer patient, helps the antibodies bind to and destroy the tumor Curium-244: Used in mining to analyze material excavated from pits and slurries from drilling operations. Iodine-123: Widely used to diagnose thyroid disorders. Iodine-129: Used to check some radioactivity counters in vitro diagnostic testing laboratories. Iodine-131: Used to diagnose and treat thyroid disorders Iridium-192: Used to test the integrity of pipeline welds, boilers and aircraft parts. Iron-55: Used to analyze electroplating solutions. Krypton-85: Used in indicator lights in appliances like clothes washers and dryers, stereos and coffeemakers; to gauge the thickness of thin plastics, sheet metal, rubber, textiles and paper; and to measure dust and pollutant levels. Nickel-63: Used to detect explosives and as voltage regulators and current surge protectors in electronic devices Phosphorus-32: Used in molecular biology IN MEDICINE Radioisotopes have found extensive use in diagnosis and therapy, and this has given rise to a rapidly growing field called nuclear medicine. These radioactive isotopes have proven particularly effective as tracers in certain diagnostic procedures. As radioisotopes are identical chemically with stable isotopes of the same element, they can take the place of the latter in physiological processes. Moreover, because of their radioactivity, they can be readily traced even in minute quantities with such detection devices as gamma-ray spectrometers and proportional counters. How to cite Biological Effect of Radiation, Essay examples

Nature And The Importance of The Operational Management

Questions: ScenarioFurniture Supplier company who provides finished good to leading furniture retailers are reviewing their management of operations and would like to investigate new ideas which can be implemented to improve efficiency and effectiveness of their business.Task 1Write a report focusing on operations functions, Strategic operation management, Organisation of operation process and planning and control in operation. This report should include, An explanation of why operations management is important for organisations Analyse the operations functions of a selected organisation Evaluation, by using a process model, of the operations management of a selected organisation An explanation of the three Es (economy, efficiency and effectiveness) An explanation of the tension between cost minimisation and quality maximisation Evaluation of the significance of the five performance objectives cost; dependability; flexibility; quality and speed that underpin operations management Task 2 Deve lop a set of process documents with explanation to assess and evaluate effective operations management at the furniture supplier company. Explain linear programming and evaluate critical path analysis and network planning Evaluate critical path analysis and network planning Explain the need for operational planning and control in producing a furniture Design and discuss possible layouts for producing furniture and clearly define operational outcomes. Produce a network plan and indicate the resultant critical path for any design process of the company Identify approaches can be used for project management and quality control in sales, stock or purchases process Answers: Introduction: Operation management is the majority concern for any organization not considering of its procedure as well as duration. At the same time this is also concerned regarding the scheming as well as conniving of the production process (AtwahAl-ma'aitah, 2013). In order to understand the operational management process in business context, a particular business scenario is considered here, where a restaurant chain is operating its business in London (Ahmed et al., 2014). To ensure their operational success, various context of operation management is considered too. So, this report provides information about the company background, resources, production process, its decision-making process, marketing strategy, management structure, financial analysis, restaurant marketing, etc to assess the success of its operation in location. The restaurant that is being highlighted in this report is Bread Street Kitchen that is located at the heart of the city of London in the United Kingdom. It is basically located at the bread street area and runs successfully. As the business is growing steadily and at a greater pace, the organizational management plans to review its operation process for sustainability aspect in the London city. The restaurant premises would be quite big, a total of 130 square feet. 1. Understanding the nature and the importance of the Operational Management Explanation on the importance of the Operations Management for Organization According toMeng (2012), operation management is all about harmonizing the internal as well as the external obtainable resources following a specific method that it look like capable to convince the organizational goals in the long run. In the contemporary time frame, majority of the organizations are intended to attain the effectiveness as well as efficiency inside their business procedure. As a consequence, the most important objective of the operation management is led to enhance the procedure that augment the organizational competence to make use of its resources for attaining the production effectiveness. So, it is true that operation management is the amalgamation of all the other subdivisions inside the organizational structure. Figure 1: Importance of Operational management (Ahmed et al., 2014) Analysis of Operations Functions of Bread Street Kitchen Any business to take a firm decision regarding any business venture, it needs to undergo a series of steps like firstly, problem recognition, secondly search process, thirdly evaluation of alternatives, selecting stage, and finally evaluation of decision. The organization mentioned here must initiate the process of decision making with the initial step of problem recognition where it needs to identify all the objectives and aims in the corporate context (Ahmed et al., 2014). For the Bread Street Kitchen, the problem lies in the fact that the organization aims to sustain itself in London through enhancing its operation process. For this, it needs to identify all requisites. The second process states that the search process needs to be conducted significantly. This step involves conducting a market research as well as gathering all related information. Information provides the basic foundation for organizational growth and success. Evaluation of alternatives includes identifying and th en trying out all alternatives to select the best opportunity. Once the best approach has been selected, it is implemented and evaluated. Effective monitoring is to be conducted to maintain the stable position. Evaluation of the Operations Management through process model Input: The Bread Street Kitchen restaurant would adopt a forma restaurant form, in which the major products to be provided include various types of continental foods, pizzas, burgers, sandwiches, and even beverages like tea, coffee, soft drinks and fruit juices (Qur'an, 2009). Conversion: The freezer, microwave, coffee machines, dishwasher, and all necessary electronic equipment would be sourced from Comet, whereby a business membership account is to be created. All catering equipment like plates, trays, spoons, forks, bowls, etc would be sourced from Makro, which sells various wholesale food items to different small or big businesses. All food ingredients that would be required in huge amount on a regular basis would be sourced from supermarkets, since they offer considerable discount for business owners. Not all food items would be prepared in house. Rather, to avoid any sort of delay or confusion, the organization would be preparing some of the food items that it specializes in and some other items like sandwiches, burgers, pizzas would be source from retailers that specialize in the very products (Ogbogu, 2013). This idea of buying food items from wholesalers on a regular basis would allow the organization to retain the maximum profits with itself by outsourcing t he harder part of the job and retaining the easier part to earn and retain maximum profits. All continental food items would be prepared by exotic chefs within its premises. Figure: The process Model Monitoring: As the restaurant is high rated and expensive the target customers belong to the higher class of the society. These are the potential customers (Ng, 2004). The location of the restaurant is on the roadside of an extremely busy street with several big companies and workmen around to visit the restaurant at any part of the day. Also, being one of the busiest roads of London, the location is ideal as several passers-by pass the street every day. An analysis showed that there are no such big restaurants or coffee shops in the vicinity around. So, one at the location would make it an ideal place for people to visit. Opportunity exists for such a restaurant to grow at the region, since not many restaurants are located at the specific area (AtwahAl-ma'aitah, 2013). Direct competition is quite low in the industry that is usually highly competitive. Some of the shops or cafeterias that are a bit distant to the location may impose a threat if the restaurant is not well maintained to attract cu stomers. Output: The overall services that the Bread Street Kitchen would provide would be hospitality services, whereby customers would be arriving and relax themselves with tasty food and refreshing drinks. Apart from wooden chairs there would be sofas arranged in a circular manner to add to the beauty of the restaurant interior (Coughlan, 2005). The atmosphere would be enhanced with music of all genres. 2. Understanding the link between Operation Management and Strategic Planning Three Es Explanation Economic: The economic aspect of operation management mainly revolves around how well the organization able to maintain its stand point in the market place in terms of providing less expensive but quality product. In this specific context, for Bread Street Kitchen, thus it is become very much essential aspect to provide less expensive foods with maintaining the quality aspect. Research about the income level of UK citizen, where 50 people is considered as the sample shows that the average income range of the UK citizens [40% of the total citizens] revolves around just above the 50,000 per month, which suggests that the target group of Bread Street Kitchen restaurants will be middle class people. The higher class people earning more than 80,000 and above 5, 00,000 are 10% hence the food products should be priced keeping in mind the income level of the mass population. Now, this helps the researcher to understand the income level and the purchasing power of the citizens. So, the prices of the f ood items need to be made in accordance to the purchasing power of the citizens. Efficiency: Efficiency is other important aspect of operation management, which explores how well the organization maintains its operation to fulfill the demand of its customer. Here, the efficiency of the Bread Street Kitchen can be measured in terms of how many times customers visits the restaurant. The survey showed around 50%of the customers opined they visit the restaurants twice in a month which means that the services of the restaurant are hugely availed in UK. Further, to measure the efficiency of the organization, the researcher tried to analyze the taste and choices preference of the customers and whether the organization capable to provide such kind of food items. In this specific, context, research showed that around 55% of the customers opined that they prefer non vegetarian meals with diverse opportunities for dishes provided by the Bread Street Kitchen. However only 10 % of the selected customer opined that they prefers vegetarian and organic meals provided by the Bread Street Kitchen. Hence this will help the management of the restaurant to understand the priority rate of the items and also will be able to price the items accordingly. Effective: Finally, the aspect effective in operation management is also playing similar role like other cases. In case of the Bread Street Kitchen, in order to measure the effectiveness following two questions were asked to selected customers: Q1] How much are you willing to spend for the type of food you like? Q2] Which of the following price package are you willing to opt for in restaurant? Below is the details answer of these two questions: For question 1: Options No of respondents Total respondents Response % 200 - 400 10 50 20% 500 - 700 30 50 60% 800 - 1000 5 50 10% More than 1000 5 50 10% Table: Willing to spend For question 2: Options No of respondents Total respondents Response % Single meals 12 50 24% Combo meals 18 50 35% Discounted meals 10 50 21% Meals with free items 10 50 20% Table: Package willing to opt On being asked about the price range of the food products in a restaurant the customers were of the opinion that around 60% of them will pay around 500 to 700. This shows that the customers prefer the low pricing strategy. The management of the restaurant should thus adopt a low pricing strategy so that they can capture the market initially and increase the price gradually. On the other hand, the second question shows the preference for the type of meals along with the price. Around 35 % of the customers prefer combo meals because they give value for money. 24 % prefers having single meals although the cost for same will be high and 21 % prefer having discounted meals which are present in the restaurants during happy hours or occasional offers. So, based on two above situation, it can be said that the organization is effective enough to sustain its operation in the London city in the long run. Explanation on the tension between the cost and quality maximization While sustainability of the operation of any particular business organization is taken for consideration, then it can be said that both cost and quality of service must be taken care of. Now, if the contemporary scenario of the UK is considered here, then it can be found that the UK restaurant industry is presently worth over 40 billion and around 90% of the customers engage themselves in the habit of eating out at any time of the day (Sandler, 2013). Over the years the majority growth percentage has been noticed in the pub restaurant sector with a growth rate of 80%. IN the recent years from 2013 the restaurants have started including s new health trend within their food items by introducing ingredients like beans, dark green vegetables, salmon, soya, walnuts, yoghurt, blueberries etc (Turner, 2012). Figure: Growth rate of different restaurants in UK (Source: Jamaluddin and Dickie, 2011, pp- 65) On the other hand, if the turnover of major business chain is considered here, then it can be found that in total, the top restaurant chains in UK accounts for around 7.3 billion revenue of the country. Wetherspoon being the first traditional pub chain is the second largest restaurant chain in UK to record high customer satisfaction level as well as high turnover (Miller, 2012). Figure: Turnover of the major restaurants in UK (Source: Maxwell et al. 2011, pp35) This clearly indicates that there exists a tension between cost and quality of the service in this specific market place. So, it becomes very much apparent that both cost as well as quality will be the key to attain success in long term operation for Bread Street Kitchen. Evaluation of the five performance objectives Cost: The costing strategy to be adopted by the Bread Street Kitchen would be based upon the entire strategy of the organization is to target higher, middle, and also low income earners as per the demographic distribution. The restaurant would aim at providing much affordable food and drinks. So, the products would not be priced too high that may deter customers. Also, it would not be priced too low that it may render the firm with loss. On account of the broad based generic product strategy that the firms aims to adopt, it would take up a value based pricing strategy, whereby the price of each item that is offered may be based upon how much the firm believes its customers in the region are ready to pay. The Bread Street Kitchen intended to adopt some of the most effective pricing tactics for all its ranges of products. Quality: Quality aspect is to be adopted for all its special food items and those that the restaurant excels in. These will be mostly based upon the product that is offered by market competition. Although the product of the Bread Street Kitchen restaurant would be bit cheaper, still much emphasis would be given to preparing and ordering food items of higher quality and taste. The strategy of cost-plus pricing would be adopted for all the products like sandwiches, cakes, pizzas, burgers that are sourced from external means (Ritter, 2006). The prices would be marked up for all those products, which will support to maintain the quality aspect. Finally, pricing of market orientation may be used for food items especially during lunch or dinner. The firm expects to attract a huge mass of customers and the policy of pricing all products effectively would enable its strategies. Dependability: As the firm engages in the hospitality services, it needs to be careful about the fact that everything has to be properly placed and the atmosphere of the restaurant has to be excessively soothing and comfortable. Since the business would be run as a sole trade, the firm would be headed by the owner in presence of the store manager. Speed: The store manager would be responsible for supervising that the entire store is working effectively to achieve its desired goals. For hospitality services towards customers, there would be ground staffs and waiters to assist in satisfying customers (Coughlan, 2005). Other management members would include supervisor or assistant who would enable procurement of supplies as well as running of the shop. Flexibility: There would a staff supervisor who would be guiding all staffs to offer better services to the customers. Store assistants will be appointed to act as the main contact point for the customers. They would be responsible for receiving orders as well as to attend all needs of the customers. 3. Understanding on how to organize a typical production process Explanation on Linear Programming Use of linear programming supports the business organization to maximize the revenue of the operation in terms of minimizing the expenses. This particular technique is employed mainly because of the fact that it supports the business to consider all the constraints of operation. Within the specific limitation, how much production will efficient enough to attain maximum revenue can be measured through this technique. Critical Path analysis and Network Planning Network planning helps to reduce the complexity of task. In this study, implementation of TQM within the existing supply chain system of the furniture company, network diagram will give the time of the project which will help in scheduling of the project. Below are the details of the network plan for the selected business organization. Figure 3: Gantt chart (Source: Created by author) Network diagram: Activity Description of activity Duration of activity 1-2 Formation of team 4 months 1-3 Surveys for market research 12 months 3-4 Market research results analysis 5 months 2-4 Investment for expansion in London 13 months 3-5 Plan implementation 15 months 4-5 Project completion 3 months Table 1: network diagram table (Source: created by author) Figure 4: network diagram (Source: Created by author) Explanation on the need for operational planning and control From the above discussion, it can be concluded that despite some of the available threats for the firm in the market, there are several scopes for the company to result in increased profitability and sustainability. Direct competition is quite low in the industry that is usually highly competitive. Some of the shops or cafeterias that are a bit distant to the location may impose a threat if the restaurant is not well maintained to attract customers. What is mostly needed is proper planning and control of operational activities. The overall services that the Bread Street Kitchen would provide would be hospitality services, whereby customers would be arriving and relax themselves with tasty food and refreshing drinks. 4. Relevant techniques to the production of an operational plan for organization Operational outcomes for the selected restaurant It is noted that being a representative of the hospitality industry, the organization needs to set in motion with pre-assessment of its procedure to provide service towards the customer, followed by the supplier evaluation as well as the operational outcomes assessment. Below are the essential operational outcomes for the selected business organization: Operational planning Conversions Expected benefit Forecasting demand The demand for the particular food is forecasted by the company as well as assesses the demand of the product and accordingly orders the raw material for the food. High Assemble stock Assembling the stock such as groceries, freezer, microwave, coffee machines, dishwasher, and all necessary electronic equipment, etc low Shorting Here, all the necessary raw materials like groceries will be shorted. Low Monitoring and using adhesive and various other materials Freezer, microwave, coffee machines, dishwasher, and all necessary electronic equipment, etc are to be well monitored. High Checking the quality Quality controller check the quality by assessing the test, freshness, organic foods, hygiene factors (Trietsch and Baker, 2012). High Inventory The raw materials like groceries are to be well maintained so that no raw materials stayed long time in the inventory, as this will lead to damage of raw materials. Low Supply to customer Here, all the prepared food will be served towards the customer according to their order. Medium Network plan and critical path analysis Considering the above mentioned network diagram, it is noted that the total completion period is 28 months. Further, 1, 2, 4 and 5 will be the critical activity here. Quality management techniques: There are several aspects that can be utilized to enhance the quality aspect of service provide by Bread Street Kitchen. Taken for example, selection of just in time (JIT) approach will reduce the damages of raw materials as well as finished food products. On the other hand total quality management (TQM) or implementation of ERP system will support to enhance overall success of the operation. Reference list Adair, J. (2010).Decision making and problem solving strategies. London: Kogan Page. Biddle, J. and Emmett, R. (2011).Research in the history of economic thought and methodology. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Birt, J. (2012).Accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia. Black, K. (2010).Business statistics. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 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Nash equilibrium strategies of generating companies (Gencos) in the simultaneous operation of active and reactive power market, with considering voltage stability margin.Energy Conversion and Management, 65, pp.292-298. Struwig, C., Ruthven, G. and Von Leipzig, K. (2013). The application of design criteria for locating a hub configured supply chain for a restaurant cluster in the Stellenbosch area.Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 7(1). Sukarma, L. (2014). Enhancing Firm Competitiveness through Concurrent Implementation of TQM, JIT and TPM.AMM, 660, pp.976-982. Sukarma, L. (2014). The Critical Role of TQM, JIT, and TPM in the Revisiting World Class Manufacturing and Manufacturing Excellence.AMM, 660, pp.959-965. Turner, R. (2012). International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management, 30(1), p.1. Wankhade, L. and Dabade, B. (2006). TQM with quality perception: a system dynamics approach.The TQM Magazine, 18(4), pp.341-357. Wong, W., Han, B., Ferreira, L., Zhu, X. and Sun, Q. (2002). Evaluation of management strategies for the operation of high-speed railways in China.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 36(3), pp.277-289. Yang, C. (2003). The establishment of a TQM system for the health care industry.The TQM Magazine, 15(2), pp.93-98.

Marriage Essay Example Marriage in Britain - Bestessay4u

Marriage in Britain Britain has become a highly metropolitan region over the last century (Hooper-Greenhill, 1999). In this paper, I will shed light on the ethnographic trends of marriage in Britain. In order to do so, I will make use of my personal experiences that I have had during my time in Britain. I had always been interesting in learning about new cultures since I was a child. But perhaps no experience was as amazing as that which I got from coming to Britain. It took me a little time to make some friends, but I was eventually able to develop a vast circle of friends. With the passage of time, I had the opportunity to attend the weddings of a few of my friends and associates. Little did I know that the experience of attending marriages in the Britain brings far more diversity than one would expect. I was able to see attend Jewish wedding ceremonies, Hindu wedding ceremonies and even Muslim wedding ceremonies amongst others. It felt a little strange at first but then I realized that the metropolitan culture of Britain has developed to a point where the incidence of I clearly recall that there was one occasion on which I heard that a couple had eloped and gone into the next town to stay until their families were willing to accept their marriage. I felt a bit strange at first but then I noticed that the people around me were not even half as anxious as I was. Now I know that the incidence of such occurrences is also a common part. The observations that I have made by attending wedding ceremonies for friends belonging to different religions and ethnicities has showed me that people in Britain respect cultural diversity. I saw my British friends dancing at my Indian friends wedding with a dancing instrument called the dandia. The next week I joined my Egyptian friends doing the eastern bhangra at my British friends wedding. A few of my friends took special lessons to learn how to play the bagpipes simply so they could play them at our Irish friend’s wedding; once they found out that he wanted to be close to his roots at his wedding. I now wait for a wedding card to come along so that I can attend a wedding ceremony. I think it is important to mention that marriages in Britain are not restricted across cultures and ethnicities. During my time in Britain, I have seen individuals belonging to varying ethnicities getting married. I believe that racism and prejudice is a thing of the past in Britain because judging from the variety in the marriages I have attended, people have become more tolerant and accepting than they ever were before. The fact that I have attended and observed over a dozen multi-ethnic marriages is proof of the fact that Britain has truly evolved into a modern day metropolitan region. It would be unfair to bring this paper to an end without stating that the degree of cultural diversity and the acceptance that Britain harbors towards cultural diversity is truly heartwarming. Reference List Hooper-Greenhill, E. (1999). The educational role of the museum. New York: Routledge. So How Can We Help You? Hundreds of students get our help with assignments every day. Just by paying a reasonable fee, they get work of extra-ordinary quality. So let us know what we can do for you. Reach us on Live Chat now.

Organizational Leadership essays

Organizational Leadership essays This article reviews the cultural dissonance resulting from a transfer of experienced leadership from one law enforcement agency to a newly formed agency with a completely different mission. The new leadership must set standards and policies for the new agency on issues such as dress code, training, and standard operating procedures, while trying to learn the new duties as it evolves. The task becomes more difficult with the inclusion of various other subcultures within the ranks of the subordinates. History and emergence of a new organization Federal Air Marshals (FAMs), previously called Sky Marshals, have been around for several decades. Prior to the attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11), the original Sky Marshal program had dwindled down to fewer than 50 agents working for the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) based out of its headquarters in New Jersey. These agents primarily worked international flights in high-risk areas until the terrorist attacks of 9/11, which involved the use of commercial aircraft as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) within the continental United States. The United States Government Accounting Office (GAO) provided a brief history of the Air Marshal program in a document highlighting the results of a Report to Congressional Requesters. FAAs Federal Air Marshal program expanded the Sky Marshal program, which was established as part of the Customs Service in the 1970s to deter hijackings to and from Cuba. Shortly after TWA Flight 847 was hijacked in Athens, Greece, in June 1985, then President Ronald Reagan called for an expansion of the Sky Marshal program. On August 8, 1985, the Congress enacted the International Security and Development Cooperation Act, which established the statutory basis for the program within DOT, which further delegated the responsibility to FAA. Since then, the Federal Air Marshal program has provided specially trained, armed teams of civil aviation security speciali...

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer

Ada Lovelace - Mathematics and Computer Pioneer Ada Augusta Byron was the only legitimate child of the Romantic poet, George Gordon, Lord Byron. Her mother was Anne Isabella Milbanke who took the baby at one month old away from her fathers home. Ada Augusta Byron never saw her father again; he died when she was eight. Ada Lovelaces mother, who had studied mathematics herself, decided that her daughter would be spared the fathers eccentricities by studying more logical subjects like math and science, rather than literature or poetry. Young Ada Lovelace showed a genius for math from an early age. Her tutors included William Frend, William King and Mary Somerville. She also learned music, drawing and languages, and became fluent in French. Ada Lovelace met Charles Babbage in 1833, and became interested in a model he had constructed of a mechanical device to compute values of quadratic functions, the Difference Engine. She also studied his ideas on another machine, the Analytical Engine, which would use punched cards to read instructions and data for solving mathematical problems. Babbage also became Lovelaces mentor, and helped Ada Lovelace begin mathematical studies with Augustus de Moyan in 1840 at the University of London. Babbage himself never wrote about his own inventions, but in 1842, an Italian engineer Manabrea (later Italys prime minister) described Babbages Analytical Engine in an article published in French. Augusta Lovelace was asked to translate this article into English for a British scientific journal. She added many notes of her own to the translation, since she was familiar with Babbages work. Her additions showed how Babbages Analytical Engine would work, and gave a set of instructions for using the Engine for calculating Bernoulli numbers. She published the translation and notes under the initials A.A.L, concealing her identity as did many women who published before women were more accepted as intellectual equals. Augusta Ada Byron married a William King (though not the same William King who had been her tutor) in 1835. In 1838 her husband became the first Earl of Lovelace, and Ada became countess of Lovelace. They had three children. Ada Lovelace unknowingly developed an addiction to prescribed drugs including laudanum, opium and morphine, and displayed classic mood swings and withdrawal symptoms. She took up gambling and lost most of her fortune. She was suspected of an affair with a gambling comrade. In 1852, Ada Lovelace died of uterine cancer. She was buried next to her famous father. More than a hundred years after her death, in 1953, Ada Lovelaces notes on Babbages Analytical Engine were republished after having been forgotten. The engine was now recognized as a model for a computer, and Ada Lovelaces notes as a description of a computer and software. In 1980, the U.S. Department of Defense settled on the name Ada for a new standardized computer language, named in honor of Ada Lovelace. Fast Facts Known for:  creating the concept of an operating system or softwareDates:  December 10, 1815 - November 27, 1852Occupation:  mathematician, computer pioneerEducation:  University of LondonAlso known as:  Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace; Ada King Lovelace Books About Ada Lovelace Moore, Doris Langley-Levy.  Countess of Lovelace: Byrons Legitimate Daughter. Toole, Betty A. and Ada King Lovelace.  Ada, the Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age.  1998. Woolley, Benjamin.  The Bride of Science: Romance, Reason and Byrons Daughter.  2000. Wade, Mary Dodson.  Ada Byron Lovelace: the Lady and the Computer.  1994. Grades 7-9.

Financial Analysis Of J Sainsbury PLC And Morrison PLC Essay

Financial Analysis Of J Sainsbury PLC And Morrison PLC - Essay Example Although short term liquidity of Sainsbury is lesser than Morrisons, it could be justified by the fact that the company has more working capital available as compared to Morrisons. This proves the liquidity health of the Sainsbury as against Morrisons. The receivable’s turnover rate of the Sainsbury is more than the competitor which is because of the fact that the company is focusing on expanding the customer base. Once the customer relationship is developed, it would be easier for Sainsbury to lock the customers and attract them to purchase more. It is evident from the inventory turnover rate that both the companies fetch the sales from inventory in a reasonable period of time. This shows that Sainsbury is working as per planning; its sales are increasing but they are not over-stocking as it will disturb their short term liquidity ratio.The debt ratio of both the companies is similar which indicates that this ratio is maintained across the industry. The ratio reveals positive results as 50% of the assets are financed by equity financing. This reduces the role of external creditors affecting the decisions of Sainsbury. Despite the fact that interest coverage of Morrison’s is much better than Sainsbury, it does not affect the decision to invest in Sainsbury. Despite the lower interest coverage of Sainsbury, its interest expenses are still 6 times lesser than its operating profit which shows that there is no potential threat of credit risk or bankruptcy for the company.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Business law - Essay Example ent supersedes all prior promises relating to the sale.† This clause acknowledges that previous promises existed but there are now superseded by the new agreement formed. During the cause of the negotiation, the seller creates an implied contract stating that all the properties in the warehouse are to be sold as part of the contract. This means that the warehouse must correspond with the description given which also leads to an implied condition that the warehouse must correspond with the description given. Moreover, if the sale by sample of the warehouse, as well as by description, it is not adequate that the warehouse corresponds with the description. In addition, the companies also engage in a conversation involving the sale of the warehouse whereby the furniture was to be incorporated as part of the sale of the warehouse. In the above case, there is a contract for the sale of the warehouse by description. There is also an implied condition that the warehouse will correspo nd with the description (Newbolt 5). If the furniture is included in the contract as a part of sale of the warehouse and does not include a price tag, the furniture should be taken as part of sale. This is because there was no exemption clause in the contract stating that the furniture was not part of sale of the warehouse. Instead, the impletion created in this case should be that there is an implied contract from the agreement to sell, that the furniture is part of the warehouse and therefore should be sold as part of the warehouse. If the companies do not agree on the price of the furniture, the court can decide the price for them. In such a case, the court can appoint an independent liquidator who wills the property of the company if they do not agree on the price. However, the court intervention in such a case should be the last option. The companies should involve in such a transaction should explore all other alternatives including seeking the services of an independent third party

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay Example for Free

Organic vs Non-Organic Essay I. Introduction: Thesis Statement: People should consume organic foods because they have More nutritious, No pesticides are used on them, No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production A. Major Proposition or Premise (before because): People should consume organic foods B. 1st Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): More nutritious. C. 2nd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): No pesticides are used on them. D. 3rd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production. II. A. 1st Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): More nutritious B. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Lady Eve Balfour Philosophical Theory: Jeffrey Stephen Wicken Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: ( journeytoforever. org/farm_library/worthington-organic. pdf) Logic: The producers of non-organic food argue that the organic label is a marketing tool. It is not a statement about food safety. Nor is â€Å"organic† a value judgment about nutrition or quality. Organic is how it is produced. Just because something is labeled organic does not mean it is superior, safer, or more healthy than conventional foods. All foods in this country must meet the same high standards of safety regardless of their classification C. Opposition of 1st Minor Proposition/Premise: There is no evidence whatsoever that a diet high in or exclusively of organic foods is any healthier for you than a diet of conventional foods, no clear or consistent difference could be found in the nutritional value D. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Martin Hickman Philosophical Theory: Dan Glickman 2004 Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: (http://www. independent. co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food-no-healthier-than-conventional-1764448. html) Logic: There is plenty of evidence however that a diverse diet, high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish is healthy E. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: A considerable amount of research has been conducted on the nutrient content of organic vs. conventional foods over the last century III. A. 2nd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): No pesticides are used on them. B. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs. Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: http://www. independent.co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food-no-healthier-than-conventional-1764448. html Logic: While synthetic pesticides are prohibited in organic farming, some ‘natural’ pesticides may still be used, and they are not necessarily less worrisome just because they’re natural. C. Opposition of 2nd Minor Proposition/Premise: Organic farmers claim to use a combination of techniques to avoid having to â€Å"resort† to using pesticides D. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: http://ourworld. unu.edu/en/apples-have-feelings-too/ Logic: Organic pesticides pose exactly the same sort of environmental and health risks as do non-organic pesticides and often pose more risks than synthetics. E. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: The difference between organic and synthetic pesticides is not their toxicity to pests, people or the environment, but rather their origin IV. A. 3rd Minor Proposition or Premise (after because): No hormones or antibiotics are used in their production B. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Ned Goth Historical Examples :N/A. Statistics: (http://www. independent. co. uk/life-style/food-and-drink/news/organic-food) Logic: All scientists said it was safe and none of the studies showed the hormone to appear in or alter the milk or meat C. Opposition of 3rd Minor Proposition/Premise: Organic milk and non-organic milk are essentially identical D. Evidence: Expert Testimony: Sir (Dr. ) John Krebs Philosophical Theory: Robert V. Tauxe, M. D Historical Examples: N/A Statistics: ABC News 20/20, How good is organic food? , February 20,2000 Logic: Hormones appear naturally in all milk, eggs and soy products F. Refutation(Against) of Opposition Premise: Conventional milk in the US is 100% free of artificial hormones and 99. 999% free of antibiotics. V. Conclusion: So is organic food better for you? Well if you consider that decreasing your toxin burden and increasing your intake of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants can have a significant impact on health, then it certainly is. Of course, you have to be able to afford the increase in price, but it might be worth cutting out fast foods and spending your money more wisely on home-made meals.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare, Cla

Your eyelids are heavy and your mind is fogging, finally they close altogether with the weight of the eyelids and in a few minutes you have fallen into slumber. You wake up with a vivid image in your mind, but you have no inkling as to what it means. It was just a dream. Whether people can recall it or not, everyone dreams. A dream, some may argue is irrelevant; images assorted together creating nonsense. Others depict a dream as a message our mind is telling us about. Throughout the day, the mind subconsciously picks up pieces of our daily life, whether they are thoughts, emotions, ideas, or interactions. When we sleep, our brain organizes and analysis these thoughts and puts them together like a puzzle creating images we might have missed during our waking hours. The brain naturally resists chaos and is attuned to order and organization and therefore sees past the chaos and malfunctions, it begins to matrix things, such as images in the clouds. It is through dreaming that these ima ges sort out all the chaos in the ordinary daily life and reveals a bizarre and unrealistic world, which is a reflection of the unstable reality that is actually lived in. Reality is considered unstable because it is constantly changing, moving and transforming into something else whether people are aging, dying or being born. It is a constantly changing factor that people refuse to accept and it is in our dreams that it is revealed. It is in this dream world where Shakespeare and Carroll use fantastical characters, such as fairies and the White Rabbit to exemplify the daily interactions one must make to seek the truth. It is in the court and woods, where everything is turned upside down and where what is right is wrong and what one knows, are no longe... ...nuously move to get somewhere and when they find they are looking for, they still have to keep going. The characters met through the journey represent the logical and illogical strangers that people face every day and some may help while others might pull them down. These interactions are significant because every interaction and actions affect a person even if it isn’t all that clear. Time is the biggest factor in how reality is unstable. No matter what a person does, time is constantly there and every second is a second past. The main reason it is not stable is because it is always changing and moving and whether one likes it or not, no one can change time. In a dream, time is not a factor and characters met can have no significance and in a dream, just for those few hours, the world can be a perfect and stable place, at least just until it’s time to wake up.

Diana Ecks Essay

Diana Eck’s writings in Darsan: Seeing the Devine Image in India address many of the key elements of the Hindu culture and traditions. Much of her writing deals with the visual aspect of the religion, and how it is more about the spirituality rather than the actual image itself. Within each chapter she hit on other major details within in the Hinduism. However this essay will discuss the specific concepts such as pilgrimage to certain sites, importance of the visual aspect, and how the construction is a religious discipline in itself. Diana Eck’s essay begins with the discussion of how Hinduism is a visual religion. Numerous times she explains how sight was a major aspect in worship and Darsan. In this section she goes on to explain that the very phrase of the Hindu religion is seeing is knowing. The whole point of the darsan aspect is to see and be seen by the god, goddess or diate that lives in the shine. Furthermore the eyes play a key role in the worship of gods. Through the eyes on can gain blessings of the divine. However to get to the dwelling places of these gods is not always a simple trip to a local shrine. She begins to discuss the pilgrimages or journeys of many people in order to achieve darsan at a specific place. During this portion of the essay she talks about the journeys and dedication that many of the Hindu followers partake in. not only do people traveling for gods but also living religious figures. For example Ghandi was perhaps the most exalted living Hindu figure. Thousands would travel just to get a glimpse of him passing in an attempt to achieve darsan. Towards the end of her passage she explains the importance of the construction of the images, and how each one was a religious discipline in itself. Later on in the passage she begins to explain how the construction of a temple becomes part of the cosmos; and in its construction the entire universe is rearranged. The very ground plan is a geometrical map of their cosmos with the sacred image at its center. Many of the temples are models of sacred mountains said to be the dwelling places of the gods, and diates. In a larger sense the temple are said to be images themselves. The construction of the temple gives evidence to this. Eck explains that from the beginning of the construction to the end is a ritual. My thoughts on the passage were that the author had extensive knowledge on the Hindu art forms along with its culture and myths. Her organization made it so each topic led to one another, and also goes into detail on almost every topic discussed. On the other hand I found one of her weaknesses was that the information got repetitive and made it difficult to focus throughout some of the paragraphs. A clear point however was the comparisons between Christianity’s god and the Hindu gods. Many times she compares the two saying a person that practices the Hindu religion could not comprehend the idea of one almighty invisible god, and that it would also be difficult for us to understand the importance of vision being a main part of the Hindu religion. This book has also shown me that each and every design has a specific importance to the religion itself. Before I assumed most of it had to be meaningless decoration, and that gods with more than eye actually serve a purpose for in achieving darsan. I had always assumed that it was just decoration or something completely different from its actual purpose. In this essay I have given a brief summary of some the major points in Diana Eck’s book Darsan: Seeing the Devine Image. These points include importance of the visual aspects of Hinduism, the ritual practice before during and after in constructing a hindu monument, and what the purpose of the pilgrimage is. I also have given a person opinion on the author strengths and weaknesses, prior stereo types and some comparisons that can be found within the book. Overall I found the book to be helpful in the fact that it gave specific reasons for many of the decorations and practices in the Hindu religion.

Feelings of war in his poems ‘Exposure’ and ‘Spring Offensive’ Essay

How does Owen use the seasons and nature to illustrate his feelings about war? Compare his treatment of the natural world in ‘Exposure’ and ‘Spring Offensive’. Owen signed up to fight in the war in 1915. He thought that war was romantic and heroic but when he was in the front line he realised that it was the exact opposite of what he thought it would be. He uses nature and the natural world to represent this evil place but also in his poetry the natural world is the soldier’s one source of comfort. So in this essay I am going to discuss how Owen portrays the natural world in his poems ‘Spring Offensive’ and ‘Exposure’. To begin with the tone in ‘Spring Offensive’ changes as the poem progresses. This mimics the mood of the soldiers. Even though the tone changes throughout the poem it is noticeable that the theme of the soldiers not wanting to go into war. Even in the ‘quiet’ moments in the poem the threat of suffering is present. However, the tone in ‘Exposure’ is different to the tone in ‘Spring Offensive’ because the tone in ‘Exposure’ is mainly one of frustration, despair and desolation. This is felt by the soldiers as they wait to go into battle but it appears that that time will never come. Nature adds to the tone in ‘Exposure’ because as they are waiting to go into battle it is the weather that is doing them damage. Also the rhythm and rhyme in ‘Spring Offensive’ is a very important part of the poem. It is important because it gives the reader a bigger insight into the poem. When he pairs â€Å"last hill† and â€Å"stood still† together the repeated ‘ll’ sounds gives the reader the feeling that the journey the soldiers are taking is a long one. When he uses â€Å"grass† and â€Å"glass† it gives the reader a better idea of the distress the soldiers are feeling through the harsh ‘ss’ sounds. He also uses â€Å"together† and â€Å"heather† to create pace to show the soldiers’ movement. But, the rhythm and rhyme in ‘Exposure’ isn’t as important as the rhythm and rhyme in ‘Spring Offensive’ because it doesn’t explain much more to the poem. All it does is use half rhyme because perfect rhyme has no place in this poem as it would create a sense of fluid movement which the sol diers never feel. Further more, the imagery in ‘Spring Offensive’ changes in every stanza to create a different feeling each time. The poem starts of by making the soldiers sound like they are beasts; â€Å"they fed, and eased of pack-loads, were at ease†. Also it tells us that the soldiers are accepting that they are going to die. I know this from the line â€Å"knowing their feet had come to the end of the world†. It also goes on to make nature sound like its comforting the soldiers as â€Å"marvelling they stood, and watched the long grass swirled†. It also makes summer sound like it is helping the soldiers forget about the pain they are suffering; â€Å"and though the summer oozed into their veins, like an injected drug for their bodies pains†. Then the feeling of war being heroic returns with nature offering golden gifts to the soldiers; â€Å"blessed with gold their slow boots† but it is still letting us know that the soldiers are reluctant to go into war; â€Å"slow boots†. The use of the simile â€Å"like sorrowing arms† unites nature with the natural suffering of the families left behind. Near the end of the poem there is the image of pounding sea. This gives the image of the soldiers crashing into a â€Å"surf of bullets†, tossed upon the â€Å"upsurge† of hell. Nature’s power and force is linked with the hellish power of war. The final stanza shows nature returning to a peaceful state, but the memories of battle are still present. However, the imagery in ‘Exposure’ remains the same the whole way through the poem. It is just mainly showing nature as the soldiers’ main enemy. The wind is personified and is said to â€Å"knife† the men. Silence is also personified as an invisible but real threat. Image of men’s suffering linked again with nature, â€Å"mad gusts†¦like twitching agonies of men among its brambles† which is letting us know nature can cause pain. This is the opposite of ‘Spring Offensive’ where nature has healing qualities. In this poem the power of god seems to be dying. War is more powerfully destructive than god’s ability to create. Death is the main image in ‘Exposure’ but it is death through nature rather than through weapons; â€Å"frost will fasten†¦shrivelling many hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the signs of death are shared by the corpses and by the living. The men are described as â€Å"ghosts† because the suffering of war has caused the men to die inside; this means they aren’t vulnerable to emotions anymore. The dreams the soldiers have are concentrated on nature in its restored form, â€Å"grassier ditches†¦littered with blossoms† this idealised view of nature only exists in a wishful form. Also the language in ‘Spring Offensive’ tries to affect the reader’s emotions. The poem starts of with harsh constant ‘K’ sounds which are aurally discomforting; â€Å"to face the stark, blank sky beyond the ridge†. This mimics the soldiers’ distressing existence. It also goes on to use of the connective â€Å"so†, this suggests harmlessness and ordinariness but it introduces the deathly action of their charge. The language in ‘Exposure’ is used in the same way as the language in ‘Spring Offensive’. There are harsh consonant sounds and sibilance emphasises the bitter and bleak conditions of the men. So to conclude Owen uses nature and seasons to show that he thinks that war is an awful place and that you feel the negative effects of war even if you aren’t involved in a battle at that time.

AFP

AFP A Long Tradition of Newsgathering : Created in 1835, Agence France-Presse is one of the three global news agencies.It is the world's oldest established news agency, founded by Charles-Louis Havas, the father of global journalism. Today, the agency continues to expand its operations worldwide, reaching thousands of subscribers (radios, TVs, newspapers, companies) from its main headquarters in Paris and regional centers in Washington, Hong Kong, Nicosia and Montevideo. All share the same goal: to guarantee a top quality international service tailored for the specific needs of clients in each region. The AFP News services cover politics, economics, international news, social and sports news from around the world. The network provides around the clock coverage. Newspapers, magazines, news agencies, TV and radio stations worldwide rely on AFP for its accurate, speedy quality reporting of world news. AFP subscribers also include many businesses, banks and government bodies. It has also, fo r many years, maintained close links with the national news agencies of all countries.AFP stand at Barcelona GSMA 2008Four regional headquarters, each responsible for the bureaus in their region, co-ordinate the work of journalists and photographers under their direction and transmit news and photographs to clients in their zone. Hundreds of news items per day; reporting 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. General News comes from the world over. A significant proportion of news is from Europe where correspondents cover all European territories. AFP's presence throughout the Middle East and Africa provides thorough news coverage of these regions. Sports News covers all major national and international events.A worldwide multilingual and multimedia news agency: The agency also offers multimedia products online: text, pictures, graphics, dynamic graphics and video. AFP provides content formatted ready-for-use. The AFP brand guarantees clients editorial quality and reliability - a reputation built since the agency...

What Is ACT Score Choice

What Is ACT Score Choice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you just got your ACT scores back, you’re probably wondering about the process of score reporting for college. "Score Choice" is technically more associated with the SAT Score Choiceprogram, but the ACT has a similar policy for its own test score reporting. It will allow you to feel much less stressed about results from individual test dates and instead focus on how to improve in the future. In this article, I’ll go over what Score Choice is and what it means for your ACT testing strategy. ACT Score Choice: The Basics Score Choice for the ACT is relatively simple.It means you have the option to only send scores from certain test dates to colleges rather than sending all of your scores.On the score report request form, you will be asked to list your college of choice and the test date you want to send on each line. For the ACT, you are charged a $12 fee for each test date you send (even if you’re sending them to the same college), so making smart choices about which ones you want to send is also financially responsible. For example, if you want to send two test dates to 10 schools, that means you'll be sending 20 separate reports - a total fee of $240! Because of this, Score Choice is an integral part of the ACT score reporting model. You have to go out of your way NOT to use it. That being said, you should know that not all schools want you to use Score Choice for the ACT. Some of the most selective schools, such as Yale and Stanford, ask that you send all of your test scores.Check the websites for the colleges where you plan on applying to make sure they allow Score Choice! What Does ACT Score Choice Mean for You? Since Score Choice is such a basic part of the ACT testing model, it's a good idea to factor it into your decisions about taking the test.ACT Score Choice means that you should: Take the Test More than Once Unless you get a perfect score on your first test, it’s advantageous for you to take the ACT more than once so you can improve your scores.Even if you don’t do much studying from one test to the next, your scores are likely to improve based on familiarity with the test format and the material. If you DO study a lot between tests, then your results will be even better! How many times should you take it? That depends. The general rule isno more than three four times;take a look at this article for more details. Don't stress yourself out too much, but keep in mind that if you have the chance to take the ACT three times, you’ll be able to send just your best score out of those three tests (for most schools). If you take the ACT a few times, you’ll also gain peace of mind in knowing that you didn’t pass up opportunities to maximize your scores.Score Choice means you can take the test more than once, turn a good score into a great score, and then only show colleges your best performance! Stay Positive Score Choice also means keeping your sanity when you get your results back from individual tests.No single test is the end of the world! If this is your first time taking the ACT, it’s likely that it won’t be your best score. You can use your test results to study more (especially if you order Test Information Release) and knock it out of the park next time.Most schools won’t ever see your lowest scores, so you should only concern yourself with them as a means of understanding and correcting your mistakes. If you can see what you did wrong on one test, you’ll be able to focus your studying on that area and avoid those same mistakes in the future. This blackboard was set up to encourage wagon trains traveling west in the 1800s. They thought they didn't have anything left to eat, but then they remembered to think positive and resorted to cannibalism. The Bottom Line Score Choice means that you can choose to send only your best ACT test scores to colleges.On the ACT, this is the rule rather than the exception because you'll pay per test date for score reports. It’s to your advantage both financially and academically to send only your best scores to colleges. Because of Score Choice, you should plan to take the ACT more than once and remember that one test score isn’t going to make or break your chances of admission.If you study between tests and learn from your mistakes, you'll improve your scores, and that low score you were so worried about will never see the light of an admissions office! What's Next? Some college also Superscore the ACT, meaning they take your best ever score from each subsection of the test and combine them for your best composite score. Here's a full list of schools that use ACT Superscoring. Wondering when you should take the ACT? Read this article to figure out the best dates for you. You should also check out our complete study plan for the ACTso you can keep up with your studying and make the most of every test date! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power Essay

Is rape a product of sexual desire or the exercise of power - Essay Example Other theorists take a different perspective, iterating that rape is actually a product of repressed or overt sexual desire occurring in one with the inability to control their impulsive desires. Some researchers even attempt to place motivation on drug and alcohol consumption; however, there is not enough evidence that alcohol and drug dependency maintains predictive characteristics that will influence decisions to perform rapes. Research evidence on the subject tends to point toward rape as being a blend of exertion of power and dominance whilst also being influenced by cultural dynamics and the rule of law. There is not enough distinct knowledge literature on the subject that can concretely justify that rape is only a construct of desire, as there have been ample research studies conducted using diversified samples that illustrate rape is a multi-faceted activity that represents both inherent motivations for exerting power and satisfying cultural models of acceptable masculinity, with much less emphasis on rape as a product of satisfying intrinsic sexual desires. This paper describes the many intricacies of the act of rape in order to determine whether power or sexual ambition should be considered the primary motivation for sexual aggression against others. ... There are some cultural misconceptions pre-existing in Western societies where men in masculine social circles believe that men have the absolute right to demand sex when providing females with gifts or social recreation (Henslin, 2005). In cultures with very robust disparities between what is considered acceptable masculine behaviour versus feminine behaviour, it is more likely that acts of rape will be defended by male reference groups. Long-standing, acceptable cultural models that illustrate different standards for males versus females serve as the foundation for what motivates some acts of rape against others. Though there are multitudes of legalities established by democratic governance systems to define rape and its consequences for perpetrating sexual violence, the micro-level connotations of social reference groups determine the acceptability of performing sexual aggression. In this case, it is neither the exertion of power against others nor the fulfilment of whimsical sexu al desires; instead, it is the consequences of cultural judgment that serves as motivation to carry out rape. Psychologists and sociologists alike tend to agree that the power of peer assessment and criticism are powerful predictors of future behaviour for many in society (Weiten and Lloyd, 2005). Individuals who gain positive development of self-esteem and self-respect by adhering to reference group opinion would most likely justify performing violent rapes by citing social consensus. In some countries such as Nigeria, in which women are considered to be lesser entities compared to the patriarchical cultural model in place, rape is a common occurrence

Moral Dilemmas and Guilt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Moral Dilemmas and Guilt - Essay Example Truth-telling or Honesty – As by hiring the candidate of your choice my honesty would be impaired, and e) Individual Freedom – Further my objectivity and self-determinacy would also be affected by this situation. Further, this situation also has the potential to affect my moral behaviour and this also constitutes ethical dilemma. Consultations with the ethics committee comprising of the HR personnel and supervisors, presented the following basic options: a) it would be violation of the general ethical principles as well as the Organization’s ‘Code of Business Conduct and Ethics’ to some extent as are discussed above, however, as all the candidates are of equal footings as yet and are equally compatible and capable as their results of the tests and the experience proves, we can also consider hiring Mr McDonough. But for that effective interviews need to be conducted as these may result in certain other observations about the candidates too. I have also considered the ethical Theory that is suitable for the situation that we are facing now. The applicable theory is ‘Consequentialism’, which presents that the right action is one which produces the best consequences. Considering the information that I have gathered and the priorities I have set, each option was evaluated and the potential consequences for all the parties involved were assessed. Following implications were observed: i) Carry on the interview proceedings of all the candidates, keeping in mind your request and considering Mr McDonough above others: Gives a chance as to find out the capabilities of others too, and satisfies all the three parties, the potential candidates, you and me. It will not cause the doubts in the minds of the candidates as they will all be satisfied that they are being evaluated on their capabilities, appointment of Mr McDonough will be as per your request, therefore, that will also satisfy your request and as all the regular proceedings will be carried and consideration can be paid to other candidates too if some extraordinary ability is discovered, this makes the HR personnel satisfied with their work.  

Energy Resource Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Energy Resource Challenges - Essay Example Thirdly, author mentions liquid fuels and the practice of turning food into fuel. For instance the cellulose in corn is used to produce ethanol. However, at present, there is a shift from the use of food grains to that of the stalks and stubble left after harvest, thus not compromising on the loss of grains to the generation of power. The National Renewable Energy Lab uses a plant to turn leftovers from the harvest and many other non-usable things into energy. Finally, the author talks about the use of wood chips to generate power. Nevertheless, despite the fact that renewable energy sources have several advantages, there are also a few challenges to their effective use. For instance, in the case of solar power, a solar concentrator is required which may be difficult to keep ones backyard. Also, in the United States, the cost for energy is very low and hence the renewable energy industry faces stiff competition from fossil fuels. Thirdly, in order to make a difference with renewable sources of energy, it has to be on a large scale. Lastly, there is also a lack of urgency with regard to the utilization of renewable sources of energy. One form of renewable energy not mentioned in the video is Hydroelectricity, in which water is harnessed for generating energy.

AC DC Three Phase Generators

AC DC Three Phase Generators Aims and Objectives The main objective of this report is to describe the investigation into operating characteristics of AC-DC Three-Phase generators and motors. The following subjects must be covered in this report for it to successfully document the investigation, these subjects will be constructed using a series of lab experiments and learner comments:- Operating characteristics of DC and AC generators supplying resistive, capacitive and inductive loads. Relationship between speed, current, power factor, and efficiency of a cage induction motor, capacitor start induction motor, synchronous motor and DC motor. Analyse the results from each of the experiments done and provide graphical analysis of the results. Introduction/ Background It is well known that the most regular type of power to be generated around the world is three phase AC. The reasons being are:- Three phase power is needed for the use of the most efficient types of industrial motors. It is considered to be the most efficient form of electrical energy to generate and distribute. Due to the performance of three phase, the size and weight of devices using it such as generators and motors are lower compared to devices using other power systems. Although it should be noted that the performance of an AC system is dependant on the power factor, not just the load in terms of current. In-order to successfully investigate the subject of AC vs. DC a total of six practical tests were completed, the practical tests will be documented in the following report and analysed. The tests completed:- AC induction motor torque-speed characteristics AC synchronous motor torque-speed characteristics AC capacitor start induction motor torque-speed characteristics DC motor torque-speed characteristics DC generator output characteristics AC generator output characteristics AC Induction Motor Test An induction motor is an asynchronous motor where through electromagnetic induction power is supplied to the rotating device. In some contexts an induction motor can be described as a rotating transformer because the stator can be shown to be the primary winding and the rotor as the secondary winding. Induction motors can be found regularly in industrial situations. Induction motors get their popularity from being rugged in construction, and from not having brushes. There is more than one design of induction motor a few examples are:- Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor Wound Rotor Motor Double Cage Rotor Motor Each of the above motor designs has its own merits; the type of motor to be used in this experiment is the cage rotor motor. Squirrel Cage Rotor Motor:- A cage induction motor rotor shown in the illustration below consists of a series of conducting bars laid into slots carved into the face of the rotor and shorted at either end by large shorting rings. The design is known as the cage rotor because of the conducting bars, if examined they can be seen to look like a squirrel or hamsters exercise wheel. 1Squirrel Cage Motor Construction Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. The test equipment is as follows:- Circuit Diagram for Cage Rotor Induction Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure A completely extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.1 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Efficiency (p.u.) 0.1 1500 15.708 80 0 80 0.35 245 148.52336 0.5386 0.1963495 0.2 1450 30.369 85 10 95 0.38 245 161.25393 0.5891 0.3196708 0.3 1450 45.553 95 20 115 0.4 245 169.74098 0.6775 0.3961139 0.4 1440 60.319 100 30 130 0.42 245 178.22803 0.7294 0.4639891 0.5 1425 74.613 110 40 150 0.45 245 190.9586 0.7855 0.4974188 0.6 1400 87.965 120 50 170 0.5 245 212.17622 0.8012 0.5174388 0.7 1390 101.89 130 60 190 0.55 245 233.39385 0.8141 0.5362754 0.8 1360 113.94 145 65 210 0.57 245 241.8809 0.8682 0.5425481 0.9 1350 127.23 160 80 240 0.65 245 275.82909 0.8701 0.5301438 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque The above graph shows the relationship between speed and torque, it shows that at a low torque the speed is at its maximum but as the torque increases the adverse happens to the speed. This is expected because increasing the torque of the motor is adding more mechanical load, thus slowing the motor down. 2Manufactures graph of Speed versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above is a representation of the results that the manufacturer of the test machines gives as a guide. It is possible to see that from a torque of 0.1Nm to 0.9Nm the results are similar to the report authors. The torque was not taken any higher than 0.9Nm in the authors test as stalling the motor was not a desired outcome. Output Power vs. Torque This graph shows the relationship of output power versus torque taken from the lab results in table T.1; it has an obvious linear upward trend. It is expected that the output power increases as more load is put on the motor, because the motor has to work harder to maintain rotation. 3Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The manufactures results also share the same upward trend as the authors, but again the manufacture has taken the results past 0.9Nm and taken the motor into a stalling condition. Line Current versus Torque The graph above shows the results of torque against line current, a good upward trend is visible. This indicates that as the torque increases so does the line current, this again is due to the increase in load on the motor. 4Manufactures graph of Line Current versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results from the manufacture complement the results that the author recorded. A steady rise is shown from around 0.35-0.4A to 0.6-0.7A at about 0.9Nm. Power Factor versus Torque The graph is showing the results from the practical lab experiment, the calculated power factor versus the torque. It can be seen from the upward trend of the graph that as the torque of the motor increases, so does the power factor. It will be later seen in the report that because the power factor increases with torque so will the efficiency. 5Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The guide results above show similarities with the results gained through practical lab experiments. Torque vs. Efficiency The graph is showing the relationship between efficiency and torque, the efficiency increases as the torque does, this is expected because the output power increases with the torque. The peak efficiency occurs at around 0.75-0.8Nm after which the efficiency starts to reduce. 6Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Cage Induction Motor) The graph above shows the relationship of torque and efficiency, the manufactures results show a similar trend to that of the authors. The results from the manufactures show more of the downward trend after 0.8Nm to eventually stalling point. Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady results but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. The induction motor is capable of supplying torque when needed but it will not maintain a constant speed. AC Synchronous Motor Test The major characteristic of a synchronous motor is that it stays at a constant speed regardless of no load or full load. Under certain conditions they can produce a power factor that is capable of correcting a low power factor from an inductive load. A common use for a synchronous motor is to drive a DC generator. They come in all sizes from small to thousands of horsepower. The synchronous motor works by the application of three-phase AC power to the stator which causes a rotating magnetic field. The rotor sits inside this magnetic field, and is energised with a DC voltage. The rotating magnetic field of the stator attracts the rotor magnetic field caused by the DC voltage, and a strong rotating force is then imposed on the rotor shaft. This is one of the disadvantages of the synchronous motor, it needs a DC excitation voltage to start without this the rotor will not start turning. This characteristic causes the motor to have poor starting torque, most of its torque is when it is running at synchronous speed. 7Showing the parts making up a synchronous motor Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC synchronous motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency Speed has not been considered because of the way the motor operates, a constant speed should be apparent throughout the test. In the test the motor is ran at full speed, and an adjustable brake unit will control the levels of torque the motor produces. Measurements of current, voltage and power are taken at low to high torque points to get the torque characteristics of the motor. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Three Phase Supply Brake Motor DC Rotor Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure The test procedure that was followed can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2, refer to appendix!!!. Results Table T.2 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Wattmeter Wa (W) Wattmeter Wb (W) Input Power (W) Line Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0 1500 0 0 4 4 0.05 245 21.21762 0.1885 0 0.05 1500 7.854 0 8 8 0.05 245 21.21762 0.377 0.981748 0.1 1500 15.71 0 10 10 0.05 245 21.21762 0.4713 1.570796 0.2 1500 31.42 10 12 22 0.05 245 21.21762 1.0369 1.427997 0.3 1500 47.12 20 20 40 0.1 245 42.43524 0.9426 1.178097 0.4 1500 62.83 30 30 60 0.15 245 63.65287 0.9426 1.047198 0.5 1500 78.54 38 39 77 0.2 245 84.87049 0.9073 1.019998 0.6 1500 94.25 50 46 96 0.25 245 106.0881 0.9049 0.981748 0.7 1500 110 55 52 107 0.25 245 106.0881 1.0086 1.027624 0.8 1500 125.7 60 65 125 0.3 245 127.3057 0.9819 1.00531 0.9 1500 141.4 70 72 142 0.35 245 148.5234 0.9561 0.995575 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency are calculated using the following relationships:- Graphical Analysis:- The report now includes graphical representation of the results table T.2; the guide graphs from the TecQuipment the machine manufacture have been included to compare result reliability. Output Power vs. Torque The above shows the relationship between torque and output power, it can be seen that as the torque produced increases so does the output power. This outcome is expected because the motor has to turn a greater load and remain at a constant speed. 8Manufactures graph of Output Power versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph also shows the output power increasing with the torque. Line Current versus Torque The line current in this graph is taking an upwards trend indicating as the torque produced is increased so does the line current. The motor is working harder to produce more torque and therefore putting more load on the line. 9Manufactures graph of Line current versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a smoothing increase in line current against torque but does compare with the results gained from the test. Power Factor versus Torque The power factor in this graph is shown to increase to a level above 0.8 very quickly and stays there till the end of the test (0.9Nm). Synchronous motors normally run at a very good power factor close to unity, and this is represented in the results from the test. 10Manufactures graph of Power Factor versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures guide graph shows a similar trend to that of the report authors. Efficiency vs. Torque The above graph showing the relationship of torque and efficiency shows a really good level of efficiency produced by the motor, but the trend is not very reliable as it would not be expected to go past 1. Synchronous motors do have good efficiency higher than that of induction motors. 11Manufactures graph of Efficiency versus Torque (Synchronous Motor) The manufactures graph shows a much more reliable trend of efficiency of the synchronous motor, but it does still show that the motor is very efficient. Conclusion The results for this test could have been better and if the test was to be repeated then more effort would be made to get better measurements. Although with this in mind the graphs do show what is expected from a synchronous motor in terms of torque characteristics. In comparison to the induction motor, the synchronous motor has improved characteristics of:- Less load in terms of current on the line. Better Power factor (closer to unity) Better Efficiency It would be interesting to find out the difference in starting torque capacity of the two motors because the induction motor would be expected to have a greater starting torque than the synchronous, based on the research into the operation of these two types of motor. AC Capacitor Start Induction Motor Test The most common AC induction motor in use today is probably the single phase induction motor. The reasons for this are that they require little maintenance, and are the least expensive. In the single phase AC induction motor the stator magnetic field does not rotate, it simply alternates polarity as a result of the AC voltage changing polarity. Through magnetic induction a voltage is induced in the rotor, however this alone will not cause the motor to turn. This is why starting methods are needed for single phase AC induction motors. Capacitor Start In this type of induction motor the stator is made up of a main winding and a starting winding. The starting winding is connected in series with a capacitor, which offers between the two windings a phase difference of 90 degrees. The result when the motor is started is that between the two windings a rotating magnetic field is created and is enough to start the motor. Once nearly full speed occurs then a speed sensitive switch cuts out the starting winding and the motor runs as a single phase motor. In this way of starting the starting winding is not designed to give the motor high starting torque and so only small motors can use this system. Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Output Power Power Factor Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for Synchronous Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.3 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Output Power (W) Input Power (W) Supply Current (A) Line Voltage (V) Volt-Amperes (VA) Power Factor Effieciency (p.u.) 0.1 1450 15.18 250 1.7 245 416.5 0.6 0.0607375 0.2 1450 30.37 290 1.75 245 428.75 0.676 0.1047198 0.3 1450 45.55 310 1.8 245 441 0.703 0.1469455 0.4 1448 60.65 330 1.81 245 443.45 0.744 0.183799 0.5 1425 74.61 355 1.9 245 465.5 0.763 0.210177 0.6 1400 87.96 390 1.97 245 482.65 0.808 0.2255502 0.7 1390 101.9 421 2.05 245 502.25 0.838 0.2420245 0.8 1350 113.1 470 2.2 245 539 0.872 0.2406326 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one major issue occurred during the induction motor test. The fault was due to a wiring error. A link was missing on one of the watt meters which caused the motor to single phase and not rotate. It was easy to see that it was single phasing because the current measured for one of the phases was zero, indicating an open circuit somewhere. The link was quickly replaced and the test could begin. Graphical Analysis:- Now the report illustrates the results in the table T.1 in a graphical form, to make comparison the results from the test equipment manufacture have been included as a guide. Speed vs. Torque Supply Current versus Torque Power Factor versus Torque Efficiency vs. Torque Conclusion Overall the results acquired through practical experiment show encouraging results, both towards theory and also towards the manufactures guide results. Some of the graphs could have been a more steady result but it is not possible to get perfect results on something like this without doing the test many more times and taking average values. The trends do illustrate what is expected, so this means the equipment was set up correctly, and the test was carried out uniformly to manufactures guidelines. DC Motor Test The working principle behind any DC motor is the attraction and repulsion of magnets. The simplest motors use electromagnets on a shaft, with permanent magnets in the case of the motor that attract and repel the electromagnets. The reason for using electromagnets is so that it is possible to flip their magnetic field (their north and south poles). So the electromagnet is attracted to one of the permanent magnets. As soon as it reaches the permanent magnet, its north and south poles flip so that it is repelled from that magnet and attracted to the other permanent magnet. This video shows you the parts and how they fit together: Test The purpose of this test was to find the torque-speed characteristics of an AC induction motor. The characteristics that will be analysed against torque are:- Speed Current Efficiency The basic idea behind the test, the motor is run at full speed and is connected to a brake unit. The brake unit can be adjusted to make the motor produce more or less amounts of torque. Starting at low motor torque, readings of current voltage and power are taken, then readings continue to be taken all they way to near stalling point. Test Equipment:- Circuit Diagram for DC Motor Test:- Block Diagram To further explain and simplify, a block diagram of the test is included below. This shows exactly how the system operates. Brake Motor Three Phase Supply Torque Control Speed (rev/min) Ammeter, volt meter, watt meter Test Procedure An extensive test procedure can be found in the appendix taken from the Student Guide of TecQuipment Electrical Machines FH2 refer to appendix !!!. Results Table T.4 Torque (Nm) Speed (rev/min) Voltage (V) Current (A) Input Power (W) Output Power (W) Efficiency (p.u.) 0.05 4600 104 0.55 57.2 24.085544 0.421075938 0.1 3900 104 0.65 67.6 40.840704 0.604152433 0.15 3200 104 0.75 78 50.265482 0.644429262 0.2 2800 104 0.9 93.6 58.643063 0.626528449 0.25 2600 104 1 104 68.067841 0.654498469 0.3 2300 104 1.15 119.6 72.256631 0.604152433 0.35 2100 104 1.2 124.8 76.96902 0.616738942 0.4 1900 104 1.35 140.4 79.587014 0.566859073 0.45 1800 104 1.5 156 84.823002 0.54373719 0.5 1600 104 1.6 166.4 83.775804 0.503460361 0.55 1500 104 1.7 176.8 86.393798 0.488652703 0.6 1400 104 1.85 192.4 87.964594 0.457196436 0.65 1300 104 1.9 197.6 88.488193 0.447814742 0.7 1250 104 2.1 218.4 91.629786 0.419550301 0.75 1200 104 2.15 223.6 94.24778 0.421501698 The values for output power, volt-amperes, input power, power factor and efficiency were calculated using the following relationships:- Problems:- Before the results are expressed in graphical form and commented on, the report discusses any problems that occurred during the lab experiment. Only one maj